Breast cancer splice variants

ABSTRACT

Provided herein, in some embodiments, are methods, compositions, and systems for identifying alternatively spliced tumor-specific exon inclusion and exclusion events that can be used for survival prognosis.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of international application number PCT/US2019/039794, filed Jun. 28, 2019, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. provisional application No. 62/692,121, filed Jun. 29, 2018, and U.S. provisional application No. 62/818,582, filed Mar. 14, 2019, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer survival rates indicate what portion of people with the same type and stage of breast cancer are still alive a certain amount of time (e.g., 5 years) after they are diagnosed. The extensive heterogeneity of breast cancer, however, complicates a precise assessment of prognosis, making therapeutic decisions difficult and treatments inappropriate in some cases.

SUMMARY

Provided herein, in some aspects, is a molecular profiling platform that may be used, for example, to identify exon splicing events (e.g., exon inclusion or exon exclusion) that are specific to breast cancer and can be used for survival prognosis. Alternative splicing is a biological phenomenon that increases protein diversity. In one type of alternative splicing, referred to as “exon skipping,” exons are either spliced out of the transcript based on cellular conditions or are not spliced out but instead remain in the transcript and are “skipped” over. Exon skipping events are regulated by RNA-binding proteins (RPBs) and the spliceosome complex. A common metric for evaluating the extent of exon skipping is percent spliced in (PSI or ψ), which represents the percentage of transcripts that include a specific exon or splice site.

Prior approaches for analyzing cancer tissue samples separately analyzed a group of normal samples (non-cancerous samples) and a group of cancer samples (samples known to be cancerous) to generate two distributions. Data in the non-overlapping parts of the two distributions would be analyzed to assess the differences between the two groups of samples. Due to the heterogeneity of the biological data, where alternative splicing can occur for reasons other than having cancer (e.g., exon skipping can occur naturally for non-cancerous (normal) healthy patients), the conventional “two-distribution” approach is not well suited to identifying exon skipping events that are predictive of cancer.

The present disclosure provides, in some aspects, methods that combine the analysis (e.g., PSI values) determined for normal and cancer tissue samples and analyze the combined input using a probabilistic model (GMM) to identify subpopulations (clusters) within the overall population that can be further analyzed to assess whether they are cancer-specific. Some of the data described herein is based on an analysis of ˜9300 normal and tumor samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), which identified ˜67,000 exon skipping events. From this data, a subset of exon splicing events (e.g., exon inclusion or exon exclusion) specific to breast cancer was identified.

In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method comprising assaying nucleic acids of a sample for the presence or absence of a target exon comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 22-24, 26-36, 38-40, 73-75, 77-79, 82-100, 102-104. In some embodiments, the target exon comprises a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 27, 98, 102, or 104.

In other aspects, the present disclosure provides a method comprising assaying nucleic acids of a sample for the presence or absence of at least 2 target exons, wherein each target exon comprises a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 23, 27, 35, 85, 88, 89, 98, 101, 102, or 104. In some embodiments, each target exon comprises a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 27, 98, 101, 102, or 104.

In yet other aspects, the present disclosure provides a method comprising assaying nucleic acids of a sample for the presence or absence of at least 3 target exons, wherein each target exon comprises a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21, 23, 27, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 39, 85, 87-89, 91, 94, 98, or 101-104.

In still further aspects, the present disclosure provide a method comprising assaying nucleic acids of a sample for the presence or absence of at least 8 different target exons, wherein each target exon comprises a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-40 or 73-104.

In some embodiments, the sample is a breast tissue sample. For example, the sample may be obtained from a subject suspect of having, at risk of, or diagnosed with breast cancer. In some embodiments, the subject is a female subject.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acids comprise messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), or complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) synthesized from mRNA obtained from the sample.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise detecting the presence of a target exon comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 24, 28, 31, 33, and/or 38 or the absence of a target exon comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 82, 87 and/or 91, and assigning a favorable survival prognosis to the sample. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise detecting the presence of a target exon comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-23, 25-27, 29, 30, 32, and/or 34-40 or the absence of a target exon comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 73-81, 83-86, 88-90, and/or 92-104, and assigning an unfavorable survival prognosis to the sample.

Also provided herein are complementary deoxyribonucleic acids (cDNAs) comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-20 or 105-136. In some embodiments, the cDNAs comprise a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 22-24, 27-34, 36, 38, or 40. Compositions comprising the cDNAs are also contemplated herein. In some embodiments, the compositions further comprise a probe or pair of primers that binds the cDNA. Some compositions of the present disclosure comprise (a) a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-20 or 105-136 and (b) a probe or a pair of primers that binds a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-20 or 105-136. In some embodiments, the probe or primer comprises a detectable label.

Further provided herein are kits comprising a molecule that can detect the presence or absence of a target exon comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 22-24, 26-36, 38-40, 73-75, 77-79, 82-100, 102-104, and a detection reagent selected from buffers, salts, polymerases, and deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs). In some embodiments, the molecule comprise a probe or primer that bind a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 22-24, 26-36, 38-40, 73-75, 77-79, 82-100, 102-104.

Also provided herein are kits comprising: (a) molecules that can detect the presence or absence of at least 2 target exons, wherein each target exon comprises a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 23, 27, 35, 85, 88, 89, 98, 101, 102, or 104, (b) molecules that can detect the presence or absence of at least 3 target exons, wherein each target exon comprises a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21, 23, 27, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 39, 85, 87-89, 91, 94, 98, or 101-104, or (c) molecules that can detect the presence or absence of at least 8 different target exons, wherein each target exon comprises a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-40 or 73-104, and a detection reagent selected from buffers, salts, polymerases, and deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs). In some embodiments, at least one of the probes and/or primers comprises a detectable label.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A: Alternative splicing leads to target exon inclusion or exon exclusion in cancer patients when compared to normal tissues. FIG. 1B: Frequency of exon splicing events (e.g., exon inclusion and exon exclusion) in TCGA patients. In total, 20 exon inclusion events and 32 exon exclusion events that are breast cancer specific and associated to survival were detected using the novel Gaussian mixture modeling (GMM) clustering approach. The table indicates the presence or absence of the 52 exon splicing events (rows) across 824 breast cancer patients in TCGA (columns). Exon splicing events are ordered by frequency. Unfavorable and favorable prognosis are shown, respectively.

FIG. 2A: Frequency (%) of detection for the list of 52-exon splicing events in the TCGA cohort with survival information (n=824, above). FIG. 2B: Type of exon splicing biomarker detected in patients using the 52-exon splicing biomarker panel.

FIG. 3A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 1446 (CCDC115 gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 3B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 1446 (CCDC115 gene). Cluster 4 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 3C: Exon levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C4 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon (also referred to herein as an “alternative exon”) is expressed in 97 breast cancer patients in cluster C4, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 3D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C4 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C4 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 4A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 13343 (ENAH gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 4B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 13343 (ENAH gene). Cluster 3 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 4C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C3 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 41 breast cancer patients in cluster C3, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 4D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C3 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C3 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 5A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 15088 (POLI gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 5B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 15088 (POLI gene). Cluster 3 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 5C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C3 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 100 breast cancer patients in cluster C3, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 5D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C3 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C3 (expressing the exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 6A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 16864 (PLXNB1 gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 6B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 16864 (PLXNB1 gene). Cluster 4 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 6C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C4 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 74 breast cancer patients in cluster C4, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 6D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C4 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C4 (expressing the target exon) have a better overall survival (longer survival time, days).

FIG. 7A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 21181 (SH3GLB1 gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 7B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 21181 (SH3GLB1 gene). Cluster 4 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 7C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C4 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 57 breast cancer patients in cluster C4, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 7D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C4 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C4 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 8A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 34793 (TCF25 gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 8B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 34793 (TCF25 gene). Cluster 4 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 8C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C4 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 32 breast cancer patients in cluster C4, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 8D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C4 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C4 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 9A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 42420 (PRR5-ARHGAP8 gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 9B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 42420 (PRR5-ARHGAP8 gene). Cluster 3 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 9C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C3 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 265 breast cancer patients in cluster C3, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 9D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C3 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C3 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 10A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 4322 (WDR45B gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 10B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 4322 (WDR45B gene). Cluster 4 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 10C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C4 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 39 breast cancer patients in cluster C4, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 10D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C4 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C4 (expressing the target exon) have a better overall survival (longer survival time, days).

FIG. 11A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 44438 (VPS29 gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 11B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 44438 (VPS29 gene). Cluster 4 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 11C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C4 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 54 breast cancer patients in cluster C4, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 11D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C4 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C4 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 12A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 48175 (E4F1 gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 12B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 48175 (E4F1 gene). Cluster 3 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 12C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C3 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 60 breast cancer patients in cluster C3, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 12D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C3 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C3 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 13A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 49765 (TEN1-CDK3 gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 13B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 49765 (TEN1-CDK3 gene). Cluster 4 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 13C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C4 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 58 breast cancer patients in cluster C4, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 13D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C4 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C4 (expressing the target exon) have a better overall survival (longer survival time, days).

FIG. 14A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 5134 (PLEKHA6 gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 14B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 5134 (PLEKHA6 gene). Cluster 4 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 14C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C4 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 70 breast cancer patients in cluster C4, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 14D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C4 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C4 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 15A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 56552 (GNAZ gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 15B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 56552 (GNAZ gene). Cluster 4 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 15C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C4 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 33 breast cancer patients in cluster C4, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 15D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C4 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C4 (expressing the target exon) have a better overall survival (longer survival time, days).

FIG. 16A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 5696 (TTC3 gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 16B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 5696 (TTC3 gene). Cluster 3 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 16C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C3 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 31 breast cancer patients in cluster C3, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 16D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C3 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C3 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 17A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 57139 (RNF8 gene). The GMM analysis showed 2 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 17B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 2 clusters identified for the splicing event 57139 (RNF8 gene). Cluster 2 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 17C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C2 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 80 breast cancer patients in cluster C2, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 17D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C2 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C2 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 18A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 57874 (ZDHHC13 gene). The GMM analysis showed 2 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 18B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 2 clusters identified for the splicing event 57874 (ZDHHC13 gene). Cluster 2 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 18C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C2 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 58 breast cancer patients in cluster C2, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 18D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C2 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C2 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 19A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 60615 (SH3GLB2 gene). The GMM analysis showed 2 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 19B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 2 clusters identified for the splicing event 60615 (SH3GLB2 gene). Cluster 2 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 19C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C2 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 37 breast cancer patients in cluster C2, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 19D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C2 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C2 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 20A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 62560 (ITFG1 gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicate the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 20B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 62560 (ITFG1 gene). Cluster 4 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 20C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C4 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 53 breast cancer patients in cluster C4, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 20D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C4 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C4 (expressing the target exon) have a better overall survival (longer survival time, days).

FIG. 21A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 6785 (SPATS2 gene). The GMM analysis showed 2 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 21B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 2 clusters identified for the splicing event 6785 (SPATS2 gene). Cluster 2 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 21C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C2 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 77 breast cancer patients in cluster C2, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 21D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C2 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C2 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 22A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 8742 (DHRS11 gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon PSI (ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 22B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 8742 (DHRS11 gene). Cluster 3 is composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 22C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C3 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 44 breast cancer patients in cluster C3, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 22D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C3 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C3 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 23A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 1506 (CENPK gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 23B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 1506 (CENPK gene). Clusters 1-4 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 23C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 37 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 23D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 24A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 2098 (METTL5 gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 24B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 2098 (METTL5 gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 24C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 38 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 24D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 25A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 2242 (PLA2R1 gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 25B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 2242 (PLA2R1 gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 25C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 45 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 25D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 26A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 7106 (RHOH gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 26B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 7106 (RHOH gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 26C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 48 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 26D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 27A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 7108 (RHOH gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 27B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 7108 (RHOH gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 27C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 44 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 27D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 28A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 9442 (QPRT gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 28B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 9442 (QPRT gene). Clusters 1-2 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 28C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 40 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 28D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 29A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 10439 (IL17RB gene). The GMM analysis showed 2 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 29B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 2 clusters identified for the splicing event 10439 (IL17RB gene). Clusters 1-2 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 29C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 53 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 29D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 30A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 11685 (STAU1 gene). The GMM analysis showed 2 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 30B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 2 clusters identified for the splicing event 11685 (STAU1 gene). Clusters 1-2 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 30C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 37 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 30D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 31A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 13451 (LYRM1 gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 31B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 13451 (LYRM1 gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 31C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 34 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 31D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 32A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 14574 (PPARG gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 32B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 14574 (PPARG gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 32C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 33 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 32D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a better overall survival (longer survival time, days).

FIG. 33A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 16269 (BORCS8-MEF2B gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 33B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 16269 (BORCS8-MEF2B gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 33C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 43 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 33D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 34A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 16833 (ENOSF1 gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 34B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 16833 (ENOSF1 gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 34C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 46 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 34D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 35A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 16929 (DHRS4-AS1 gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 35B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 16929 (DHRS4-AS1 gene). Clusters 1-2 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 35C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 83 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 35D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 36A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 16943 (NDUFV2 gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 36B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 16943 (NDUFV2 gene). Clusters 1-4 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 36C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C3 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 58 breast cancer patients in cluster C3, while very low or absent in normal tissues except bladder. FIG. 36D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C3 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C3 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 37A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 18745 (FER1L4 gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 37B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 18745 (FER1L4 gene). Clusters 1-4 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 37C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C2 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 89 breast cancer patients in cluster C2, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 37D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C2 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C2 (expressing the target exon) have a better overall survival (longer survival time, days).

FIG. 38A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 19824 (PHF14 gene). The GMM analysis showed 2 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 38B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 2 clusters identified for the splicing event 19824 (PHF14 gene). Clusters 1-2 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 38C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 111 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 38D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 39A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 19828 (PHF14 gene). The GMM analysis showed 2 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 39B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 2 clusters identified for the splicing event 19828 (PHF14 gene). Clusters 1-2 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 39C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 111 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 39D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 40A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 21024 (BCL2L13 gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 40B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 21024 (BCL2L13 gene). Clusters 1-4 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 40C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 35 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 40D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 41A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 22227 (SELENBP1 gene). The GMM analysis showed 2 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 41B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 2 clusters identified for the splicing event 22227 (SELENBP1 gene). Clusters 1-2 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 41C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 86 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 41D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a better overall survival (longer survival time, days).

FIG. 42A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 24742 (LINC00630 gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 42B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 24742 (LINC00630 gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 42C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C2 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 38 breast cancer patients in cluster C2, while very low or absent in normal tissues except uterus. FIG. 42D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C2 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C2 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 43A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 27194 (CTBP2 gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 43B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 27194 (CTBP2 gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 43C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 33 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 43D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 44A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 30244 (SLC52A2 gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 44B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 30244 (SLC52A2 gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 44C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C3 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 310 breast cancer patients in cluster C3, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 44D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C3 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C3 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 45A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 33377 (SLC38A1 gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 45B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 33377 (SLC38A1 gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 45C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C2 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 52 breast cancer patients in cluster C2, while very low or absent in normal tissues except stomach. FIG. 45D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C2 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C2 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 46A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 40521 (FAM65A gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 46B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 40521 (FAM65A gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 46C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 32 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 46D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 47A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 41168 (USP25 gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 47B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 41168 (USP25 gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 47C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 31 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 47D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 48A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 45885 (HMOX2 gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 48B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 45885 (HMOX2 gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 48C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C2 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 151 breast cancer patients in cluster C2, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 48D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C2 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C2 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 49A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 50148 (MKRN2OS gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 49B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 50148 (MKRN2OS gene). Clusters 1-4 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 49C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C2 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 40 breast cancer patients in cluster C2, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 49D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C2 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C2 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 50A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 52249 (ATP8A2P1 gene). The GMM analysis showed 2 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 50B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 2 clusters identified for the splicing event 52249 (ATP8A2P1 gene). Clusters 1-2 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 50C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 33 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 50D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 51A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 53188 (HIBCH gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 51B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 53188 (HIBCH gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 51C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 129 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 51D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 52A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 58853 (SLC35C2 gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 52B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 58853 (SLC35C2 gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 52C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C1 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 40 breast cancer patients in cluster C1, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 52D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 53A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 59314 (TRIM5 gene). The GMM analysis showed 3 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 53B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 3 clusters identified for the splicing event 59314 (TRIM5 gene). Clusters 1-3 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 53C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific cluster C2 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 61 breast cancer patients in cluster C2, while very low or absent in normal tissues. FIG. 53D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

FIG. 54A: GMM analysis of mixed normal and breast cancer samples for the splicing event 60239 (HSD17B6 gene). The GMM analysis showed 4 distinct clusters (subpopulations). The x-axis indicates the exon percent spliced in (PSI, ψ) level within samples, and y-axis denotes the number of samples in a normalized density scale. Shading indicates the cluster assignment of each sample. FIG. 54B: Frequency (%) of tumor and normal samples across the 4 clusters identified for the splicing event 60239 (HSD17B6 gene). Clusters 1-4 are composed mostly of breast cancer samples. FIG. 54C: Exon splicing levels (PSI) for tumor specific clusters C2 and C3 and normal tissues in TCGA. This analysis indicates that the target exon is expressed in 130 breast cancer patients in cluster C2 and 214 breast cancer patients in cluster C3 while being very low or absent in normal tissues except breast. FIG. 54D: Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA. This analysis indicates that patients in C1 (expressing the target exon) have a worse overall survival (shorter survival time, days).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Alternative splicing is a key mechanism of biological diversity in eukaryotes because it allows multiple mRNA isoforms to be transcribed and translated from a single gene. The human genome includes more than 20,000 genes; however, more than 95% of multi-exonic pre-mRNAs are alternatively spliced to generate nearly 200,000 isoforms. The alternative splicing isoforms translated into proteins can have distinct or even opposing functions. Alternative splicing is involved in a wide range of biological processes, including immune cell maturation and processing.

Studies examining the cancer transcriptome have enabled unprecedented insight into cancer cell heterogeneity and generated novel classifications. This progress has not yet fully translated into clinical benefit. Isoforms as well as alterations in alternative splicing are associated with numerous diseases and can contribute to cancer malignancy by regulating the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Aberrant alternative splicing profiles can arise in cancer due to mutations at the splice sites or splicing-regulatory elements, but can also reflect changes in splicing regulators. Recurrent mutations in core splicing machinery are found in myeloid leukemia, as well as in sporadic mutations in lung and breast cancer, suggesting that alternative alterations play a key role in tumorigenesis. Alterations in alternative splicing result in the generation of a repertoire of novel isoforms in tumors that, together with fusion molecules, can be viewed as another class of neoantigens.

Provided herein, in some aspects, are methods that comprise assaying a sample for a particular cancer isoform including or excluding a particular exon. In some embodiments, a sample is assayed for multiple exon inclusion or exon exclusion isoforms as provided herein. The data provided by the present disclosure demonstrates that at least one of fifty-two different exon inclusion or exon exclusion isoforms can be detected in ˜91% of all breast cancer samples tested.

Methods of Detection

Some aspects of the present disclosure comprise assaying a sample for (the presence or absence of) a nucleic acid (e.g., an exon inclusion event or an exon exclusion event) comprising a nucleotide sequence (e.g., an exon) of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40 and 105-136. It should be understood that the phrase “assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: X” encompasses assaying a sample for the presence or absence of a nucleic acid that includes the full length nucleotide sequence identified by SEQ ID NO: X (all nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: X); and the phrase also includes assaying a sample for the presence or absence of a nucleic acid that includes a fragment of the nucleotide sequence identified by SEQ ID NO: X. The length of the fragment is not limited and may be, for example, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 nucleotides.

In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 110. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 111. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 113. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 114. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 116. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 117. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 118. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 120. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 121. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 122. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 124. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 126. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 128. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 129. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 130. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 131. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 132. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 133. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 135. In some embodiments, the methods comprise assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 136.

In some embodiments, methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying a sample for a (at least one) nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 22-24, 27-34, 36, 38, or 40. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise assaying the sample for a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21, 25, 26, 35, 37, or 39.

In some embodiments, methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 110, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 111, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 113, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 114, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 116, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 117, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 118, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 120, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 121, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 122, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 124, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 126, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 128, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 129, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 130, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 131, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 132, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 133, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 135, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 136.

In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 2 (or at least 2) of the 52 exons (selected from exons comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40 and 105-136). In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 3 (or at least 3) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 4 (or at least 4) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 5 (or at least 5) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 6 (or at least 7) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 7 (or at least 7) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 8 (or at least 8) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 9 (or at least 9) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 10 (or at least 10) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 11 (or at least 11) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 12 (or at least 12) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 13 (or at least 13) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 14 (or at least 14) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 15 (or at least 15) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 16 (or at least 16) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 17 (or at least 17) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 18 (or at least 18) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 19 (or at least 19) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 20 (or at least 20) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 21 (or at least 21) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 22 (or at least 22) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 23 (or at least 23) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 24 (or at least 24) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 25 (or at least 25) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 26 (or at least 26) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 27 (or at least 27) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 28 (or at least 28) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 29 (or at least 29) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 30 (or at least 30) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 31 (or at least 31) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 32 (or at least 32) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 33 (or at least 33) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 34 (or at least 34) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 35 (or at least 35) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 36 (or at least 36) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 37 (or at least 37) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 38 (or at least 38) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 39 (or at least 39) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 40 (or at least 40) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 41 (or at least 41) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 42 (or at least 42) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 43 (or at least 43) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 44 (or at least 44) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 45 (or at least 45) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 46 (or at least 46) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 47 (or at least 47) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 48 (or at least 48) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 49 (or at least 49) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 50 (or at least 50) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 51 (or at least 51) of the 52 exons. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise assaying the sample for 52 exons.

It should be understood that a method “comprising assaying the sample for fifty-two (52) exon splicing isoforms (e.g., exon inclusion or exon exclusion, each comprising a different nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40 and 105-136” is a method that comprises assaying for all 52 isoforms provided in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3.

Not every sample will have more than one exon splicing isoform (e.g., exon inclusion or exon exclusion) of the present disclosure. In many embodiments, only one of the exon splicing isoforms of the present disclosure will be detected in a sample. Nonetheless, a sample may be assayed for one or more (e.g., 1 to 52) of the 52 exon splicing isoforms. For example, a single sample may include only the exon splicing isoform comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO: 21. All 52 or a subset of the 52 (less than 52) of the exon splicing isoforms of Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 may be assayed in order to detect that exon splicing isoform comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO: 21

It should also be understood that the step of “assaying for an exon splicing isoform(s) (e.g., exon inclusion or exon exclusion)” or “assaying for a nucleic acid” encompasses assaying for mRNA comprising the exon splicing isoform(s) or assaying for complementary DNA (cDNA) comprising the exon splicing isoform(s) (e.g., comprising the sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40 and 105-136). As is known in the art, cDNA is synthesized from mRNA.

Examples of Nucleic Acid Detection Assays

There are many different known methods for assaying a sample for the presence or absence of a particular nucleotide sequence, any of which may be used in accordance with the present disclosure. For example, standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods (e.g., reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)) may be performed using mRNA obtained from a sample. In RT-PCR, the RNA template is first converted into a complementary DNA (cDNA) using a reverse transcriptase. The cDNA is then used as a template for exponential amplification using PCR. Thus, kits provided herein may include any one or more reagents used in a PCR such as, for example, primers or probes that bind to a particular nucleic acid comprising an exon splicing event (e.g., exon inclusion or exon exclusion), polymerases, buffers, deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), and salts.

In some embodiments, an Archer® FusionPlex® assay is used to assay for a nucleotide sequence (e.g., exon). This assay may include using custom designed probes with and an Anchored Multiplexed PCR (AMP™) following by next generation sequencing (NGS) (e.g., with an Illumina® platform). Thus, kits provided herein may include any one or more reagents used in a Archer® FusionPlex® assay.

In other embodiments, targeted sequencing using long-read sequencing technology (e.g., PacBio®, built on Single Molecule, Real-Time (SMRT) Sequencing technology) is used to assay for a nucleotide sequence (e.g., exon). Thus, kits provided herein may include any one or more reagents used in a long-read sequencing technology.

In other embodiments, Droplet Digital™ PCR (ddPCR™) (BioRad®) is used to assay for a nucleotide sequence (e.g., exon). For example, combinations of primers and probes may be designed to detect selected exon splicing isoforms in single cell suspension or in cells isolated from frozen tumor tissues, e.g., using Laser Capture Microdissection. More than one isoform may be detected in the single cell, for example. Thus, kits provided herein may include any one or more reagents used in a Droplet Digital™ PCR (ddPCR™) assay.

In yet other embodiments, ViewRNA™ In Situ Hybridization (ISH) (Thermo Fisher Scientific) may be used to assay for a nucleotide sequence (e.g., exon). For example, splice junction probes may be designed to enable specific detection of the exon splicing isoforms of the present disclosure in tissue sections (e.g., breast cancer tissue sections) through Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH). More than one isoform may be detected in the same cell, for example. Thus, kits provided herein may include any one or more reagents used in an ISH assay.

In still other embodiments, nCounter® technology (nanoString™) is used to assay for a nucleotide sequence (e.g., exon). For example, the nCounter® Analysis System utilizes a novel digital barcode technology for direct multiplexed measurement of analytes and offers high levels of precision and sensitivity (<1 copy per cell). The technology uses molecular “barcodes” and single molecule imaging for the direct hybridization and detection of hundreds of unique transcripts in a single reaction. Each color-coded barcode is attached to a single target-specific probe corresponding to an analyte (e.g., exon) of interest. Combined together with invariant controls, the probes form a multiplexed CodeSet. Thus, kits provided herein may include any one or more reagents used in a nCounter® assay or other nanoString™ nucleic acid detection assay.

Other nucleic acid detection methods may be used.

Probes

Some aspects of the present disclosure comprise assaying a sample for the presence or absence of a nucleic acid (e.g., an exon inclusion event) comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-20, each of which include an exon inclusion event as well as a sequence directly upstream from and a sequence directly downstream from the exon inclusion event (any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40). Some aspects of the present disclosure comprise assaying a sample for the presence or absence of a nucleic acid (e.g., an exon exclusion event) comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 105-136, each of which include an exon exclusion event as well as a sequence directly upstream from and a sequence directly downstream from the exon exclusion event (any one of SEQ ID NOS: 41-72).

A probe is a synthetic (non-naturally-occurring) nucleic acid that is wholly or partially complementary to and thus binds to a nucleic acid of interest (e.g., a nucleic acid comprising or comprised within a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-20, 21-40, 41-72, or 105-136). In some embodiments, a probe comprises DNA. In some embodiments, a probe comprises RNA. In some embodiments, a probe comprise DNA and RNA. It should be understood that the term “probe” encompasses “primer,” which, as is known in the art, is a synthetic nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) used as a starting point for nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) synthesis. The length of a probe may vary, depending on the nucleic acid detection assay being used. For example, a probe may have a length of at least 15, at least 18, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a probe has a length of 15 to 30 nucleotides, 15 to 50 nucleotides, or 15 to 100 nucleotides. Depending on the application, a probe may be longer than 100 nucleotides.

In some embodiments, one or more probe is designed to bind directly to an exon (e.g., exon inclusion event or exon exclusion event) of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40 and 105-136. The probe may bind, for example, to a 5′ region, a central region, or a 3′ region of an exon.

In some embodiments, one or more probe is designed to bind to a nucleotide sequence directly upstream (5′) from an exon of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40 and 105-136. In other embodiments, one or more probe is designed to bind to nucleotide sequence directly downstream (3′) from an exon of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40 and 105-136. In some embodiments, a first probe (e.g., primer) of a pair of probes is designed to bind to nucleotide sequence directly upstream (5′) from an exon of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40 and 105-136, and a second probe (e.g., primer) of the pair of probes is designed to bind to nucleotide sequence directly downstream (3′) from an exon of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40 and 105-136 such that the pair of probes flank the exon.

In some embodiments, one or more probe is designed to bind to an exon junction. An exon junction comprises (a) nucleotide sequence that includes a 5′ region of an exon (e.g., of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40 and 105-136) and nucleotide sequence directly upstream from the 5′ region of the exon, or (b) nucleotide sequence that includes a 3′ region of an exon (e.g., of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40 and 105-136) and nucleotide sequence directly downstream from the 3′ region of the exon. Table 6 provides examples of cDNA sequences that include exon inclusion events (underlined) as well as sequences directly upstream from and downstream from the exon inclusion event. Any one or more probe may be designed to bind to any region of a nucleotide sequence of Table 6 (SEQ ID NOS: 1-20), e.g., for the purpose of detecting (e.g., amplifying or labeling) the nucleotide sequence in a sample. Table 7 provides examples of cDNA sequences that include exon exclusion events (underlined) as well as sequences directly upstream from and downstream from the exon exclusion event. Any one or more probe may be designed to bind to any region of a nucleotide sequence of Table 7 (SEQ ID NOS: 41-72), e.g., for the purpose of detecting (e.g., amplifying or labeling) the nucleotide sequence in a sample.

Tissue Samples

In some embodiments, the mRNA is obtained from a biological sample. Biological samples include tissue samples or fluid samples. Non-limiting examples of tissue samples include blood samples and breast tissue samples. Non-limiting examples of fluid samples include cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples and urine samples.

In some embodiments, the mRNA is obtained from a breast tissue sample. The breast tissue sample, in some embodiments, is obtained from a female subject (e.g., human female subject), although it may alternatively be obtained from a male subject (e.g., human male subject).

In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a subject diagnosed with a cancer, such as breast cancer. For example, the subject may have, may be at risk of having, or may be suspected of having a cancer of a breast duct, breast lobule, or breast tissue in between the duct and lobule. Non-limiting examples of breast cancer that may be sampled include ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, tubular carcinoma of the breast, medullary carcinoma of the breast, mucinous carcinoma of the breast, papillary carcinoma of the breast, cribriform carcinoma of the breast, invasive lobular carcinoma, inflammatory breast cancer, Paget's disease of the nipple, Phyllodes tumors of the breast, metastatic breast cancer, and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).

Applications

Methods of the present disclosure, in some embodiments, comprise assigning a favorable prognosis or unfavorable prognosis to a cancer patient, based on the presence of a nucleic acid in the sample (e.g., an exon inclusion event or an exon exclusion) comprising a nucleotide sequence (e.g., an exon) of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40 and 105-136. Thus, in some embodiments, methods herein comprise obtaining a sample from a subject, assaying the sample for a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40 and 105-136, and assigning a favorable prognosis or unfavorable prognosis to the sample/patient (e.g., breast tissue sample) (see, e.g., Table 4 or Table 5). In some embodiments, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40 or 105-136 is detected in the sample obtained from the patient.

In some embodiments, a favorable prognosis is assigned to the sample when a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 24, 28, 31, 33, 38, 114, 119, or 123 is detected. In some embodiments, a favorable prognosis is an at least 70% probability of surviving at least 2000 days. In some embodiments, a favorable prognosis is an at least 75% probability of surviving at least 2000 days. In some embodiments, a favorable prognosis is an at least 70% probability of surviving at least 4000 days. In some embodiments, a favorable prognosis is an at least 75% probability of surviving at least 4000 days.

In other embodiments, an unfavorable prognosis is assigned to the sample when a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-27, 29, 30, 32, 34-37, 39, 40, 105-113, 115-118, 120-122, or 124-136 is detected. In some embodiments, an unfavorable prognosis is an at least 75% probability of surviving less than 2000 days.

Additional Embodiments

1. A complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 22-24, 27-34, 36, 38, or 40.

2. A composition comprising the cDNA of paragraph 1.

3. A composition comprising at least two cDNAs of paragraph 1.

4. The composition of paragraph 2 or 3 further comprising a cDNA comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21, 25, 26, 35, 37, or 39.

5. The composition of paragraph 2 or 4 comprising a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39, and a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.

6. The composition of paragraph 2 further comprising a probe that binds to the cDNA, or a pair of primers that bind to the cDNA.

7. The composition of any one of paragraphs 2-6, wherein the cDNA is synthesized from messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) obtained from a tissue sample, optionally a breast tissue sample.

8. The composition of paragraph 7, wherein the breast tissue sample is obtained from a female subject.

9. The composition of paragraph 7 or 8, wherein the sample is obtained from a subject diagnosed with a cancer.

10. The composition of paragraph 7 or 8, wherein the sample is obtained from a subject at risk of having a cancer or suspected of having a cancer.

11. A method comprising assaying a sample for a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 22-24, 27-34, 36, 38, or 40.

12. The method of paragraph 11 further comprising assaying the sample for a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21, 25, 26, 35, 37, or 39.

13. The method of paragraph 11 comprising assaying the sample for a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39, and a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.

14. The method of any one of paragraphs 11-13, wherein the nucleic acid is a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), optionally obtained from a breast tissue sample.

15. The method of any one of paragraphs 11-13, wherein the nucleic acid is a complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) synthesized from mRNA obtained from a breast tissue sample.

16. The method of paragraph 14 or 15, wherein the breast tissue sample is obtained from a female subject.

17. The method of any one of paragraphs 14-16, wherein the breast tissue sample is obtained from a subject diagnosed with a cancer.

18. The method of any one of paragraphs 14-16, wherein the breast tissue sample is obtained from a subject at risk of having a cancer or suspected of having a cancer.

19. The method of any one of paragraphs 11-18 further comprising detecting a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40.

20. The method of any one of paragraphs 11-19, wherein the nucleic acid is a mRNA.

21. The method of any one of paragraphs 11-19, wherein the nucleic acid is a cDNA.

22. The method of any one of paragraphs 19-21 further comprising assigning to the subject from whom the sample was obtained a favorable prognosis or an unfavorable prognosis.

23. The method of paragraph 22, wherein a favorable prognosis is assigned to the subject from whom the sample was obtained if a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 24, 28, 21, 33, or 38 is detected.

24. The method of paragraph 22, wherein an unfavorable prognosis is assigned to the subject from whom the sample was obtained if a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-27, 29, 30, 32, 34-37, 39, or 40 is detected.

25. A method comprising:

obtaining a sample from a subject;

assaying the sample for a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40; and

assigning a favorable prognosis or unfavorable prognosis to the subject.

26. The method of paragraph 25 further comprising detecting in the sample a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-40.

27. The method of paragraph 26, wherein the sample is a breast tissue sample.

28. The method of any one of paragraphs 25-27, wherein the assaying step comprising assaying the sample for a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39, and a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.

28. The method of any one of paragraphs 25-27, wherein a favorable prognosis is assigned to the subject from whom the sample was obtained if a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 24, 28, 21, 33, or 38 is detected.

29. The method of any one of paragraphs 25-27, wherein an unfavorable prognosis is assigned to the subject from whom the sample was obtained if a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-27, 29, 30, 32, 34-37, 39, or 40 is detected.

30. A kit comprising: a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-20; and at least one reagent for detecting a nucleic acid selected from buffers, salts, polymerases, and deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs).

31. A kit comprising:

a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.

32. A kit comprising:

a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38, a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39, and a probe comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.

33. The kit of paragraph 31 or 32, wherein the kit further comprises at least one reagent for detecting a nucleic acid selected from buffers, salts, polymerases, and deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs).

EXAMPLES Example 1

Alternative splicing is a biological phenomenon that increases transcript and protein diversity. In one type of alternative splicing, referred to as “exon skipping,” exons are either spliced “in” or spliced “out” of the transcript based on cellular conditions (FIG. 55 ).

Due to alternative splicing, different transcript isoforms (exon configurations) of the same gene might be expressed in tumor and normal samples. Therefore, even though a gene is expressed in both tumor and normal tissues, transcripts might harbor an exon configuration that is distinctive to cancer.

A conventional approach for identification of cancer biomarkers is based on gene expression. Researchers aim to detect whether a gene is specifically expressed in tumors using microarrays or RNA sequencing. We took a splicing-based approach rather than a gene-based approach to identify cancer biomarkers.

Methods

To identify splicing biomarkers in cancer, we took the steps outlined below, i.e., (i) Transcript sequencing, (ii) TCGA analysis, and (iii) Clustering analysis using a novel methodology to identify splicing-based biomarkers.

Sequencing: Long read sequencing using PacBio® Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing (SMRT) technology. This technology is capable of sequencing full-length cDNA transcripts without the need of cDNA fragmentation, and therefore can be used to directly infer the connectivity of exons in transcripts without the need of computational reconstruction. We used this technology to sequence transcripts in 81 cancer and tumor samples. We obtained 298K transcripts corresponding to ˜14K genes, yielding a median of 8 isoforms per gene. This represents a ˜2-fold increase over the public human reference transcriptome (Gencode version 25) for those set of genes. This set of transcripts is called PacBio® Transcriptome.

Data Analysis Step 1, TCGA analysis: Quantification of exon skipping events in a large cohort of breast cancer patients available from TCGA using the PacBio® Transcriptome as background. The aim of the step is to compute percent spliced-in (PSI) for exons undergoing alternative splicing. This step was performed using the rMATS software. rMATS identified 67,255 skipping events in the PacBio® transcriptome, and computed the PSI levels for each of those exons across all samples (n=1,748, including 1,111 breast cancer tumors and 637 normal). Given the size of the TCGA sequencing data, this step was performed using the ISB Cancer Genomics Cloud (Google Cloud) platform.

Data Analysis Step 2, Clustering: Apply a methodology of the present disclosure called ts3 (Tumor Specific Splice Site Detection) to find exons that are included (e.g., spliced in) and excluded (spliced out) only in cancer (FIG. 55 ). This is accomplished by using a clustering approach based on GMM.

Results

We applied our methodology based on Gaussian mixture modeling to identify exon splicing events specific to breast cancer patients from the TCGA cohort. As a result, we identified 20 exon inclusion events (spliced “in” exons) that are specifically expressed in cancer and have prognosis power. These exon inclusion events have the following properties:

-   -   Target exon has increased PSI levels (expression) compared to         normal tissues (PSI_(tumor)−PSI_(normal)>10%),     -   Target exon is low or absent in normal tissues         (PSI_(normal)<5%),     -   Splicing event is reliably detected in at least 30 breast cancer         patients (coverage of at least 10 RNA-Seq reads in each         patient),     -   Patients harboring these exon inclusion events have favorable or         unfavorable survival prognosis (p<0.05, logrank test).

We also identified 32 exon exclusion events (spliced “out” exons) that are specific to breast cancer and have prognosis power. These exon exclusion events have the following properties:

-   -   Target exon has decreased PSI levels (expression) compared to         normal tissues (PSI_(tumor)−PSI_(normal)>−10%),     -   Target exon is high in normal tissues (PSI_(normal)>95%),     -   Splicing event is reliably detected in at least 30 breast cancer         patients (coverage of at least 10 RNA-Seq reads in each         patient),     -   Patients harboring these exon exclusion events have favorable or         unfavorable survival prognosis (p<0.05, logrank test).

Because they are specific to cancer, these exon events are referred to as “exon inclusion biomarkers or exon exclusion biomarkers.”

The exon splicing sequences were identified using long read SMRT PacBio® sequencing (see, e.g., Rhoads A et al. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics 2015; 13: 278-289, and Huddleston J et al. Genome Research 2014; 24: 688-696).

We found 2 types of exon splicing biomarkers, with favorable and unfavorable prognosis. Table 1 indicates that 15 exon inclusion events have unfavorable prognosis (worse outcome, lower survival time), and 5 exon inclusion events have favorable prognosis (better outcome, increased survival time). Table 2 indicates that 29 exon exclusion events have unfavorable prognosis, and 3 exon exclusion events have favorable prognosis.

TABLE 1 Exon inclusion biomarkers associated with breast cancer survival Splicing Expression EXON Event ID Gene Prognosis SEQ ID NO: 1446 CCDC115 Unfavorable 21 4322 WDR45B Favorable 28 5134 PLEKHA6 Unfavorable 32 5696 TTC3 Unfavorable 34 6785 SPATS2 Unfavorable 39 8742 DHRS11 Unfavorable 40 13343 ENAH Unfavorable 22 15088 POLI Unfavorable 23 16864 PLXNB1 Favorable 24 21181 SH3GLB1 Unfavorable 25 34793 TCF25 Unfavorable 26 42420 PRR5-ARHGAP8 Unfavorable 27 44438 VPS29 Unfavorable 29 48175 E4F1 Unfavorable 30 49765 TEN1-CDK3 Favorable 31 56552 GNAZ Favorable 33 57139 RNF8 Unfavorable 35 57874 ZDHHC13 Unfavorable 36 60615 SH3GLB2 Unfavorable 37 62560 ITFG1 Favorable 38

TABLE 2 Exon exclusion biomarkers associated with breast cancer survival Splicing Expression EXON Event ID Gene Prognosis SEQ ID NO: 1506 CENPK Unfavorable 73 2098 METTL5 Unfavorable 74 2242 PLA2R1 Unfavorable 75 7106 RHOH Unfavorable 76 7108 RHOH Unfavorable 77 9442 QPRT Unfavorable 78 10439 IL17RB Unfavorable 79 11685 STAU1 Unfavorable 80 13451 LYRM1 Unfavorable 81 14574 PPARG Favorable 82 16269 BORCS8-MEF2B Unfavorable 83 16833 ENOSF1 Unfavorable 84 16929 DHRS4-AS1 Unfavorable 85 16943 NDUFV2 Unfavorable 86 18745 FER1L4 Favorable 87 19824 PHF14 Unfavorable 88 19828 PHF14 Unfavorable 89 21024 BCL2L13 Unfavorable 90 22227 SELENBP1 Favorable 91 24742 LINC00630 Unfavorable 92 27194 CTBP2 Unfavorable 93 30244 SLC52A2 Unfavorable 94 33377 SLC38A1 Unfavorable 95 40521 FAM65A Unfavorable 96 41168 USP25 Unfavorable 97 45885 HMOX2 Unfavorable 98 50148 MKRN2OS Unfavorable 99 52249 ATP8A2P1 Unfavorable 100 53188 HIBCH Unfavorable 101 58853 SLC35C2 Unfavorable 102 59314 TRIM5 Unfavorable 103 60239 HSD17B6 Unfavorable 104

FIG. 1 shows the detection of the 52 exon inclusion or exon exclusion biomarkers in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) patients. Inclusion biomarkers are depicted in white, and exclusion biomarkers are depicted in black. Biomarkers with favorable prognosis are denoted “1”, while biomarkers with unfavorable prognosis are denoted “0”. These biomarkers are detected in 2-33% of patients. For instance, the splicing event 42420 affecting the PRR5-ARHGAP8 gene is present in 22% of patients, while the biomarker 15088-POL1 is present is 9% of patients. Also, 91.5% patients have at least one biomarker (754 out of 824 patients).

FIG. 2A shows that 8.5% (70 patients) have no exon inclusion biomarkers predictors of survival, 13.6% (112 patients) have exactly one exon biomarker predictor of survival, and 77.9% (642 patients) have more than one exon inclusion biomarker predictor of survival.

In terms of exon biomarkers detection, breast cancer TCGA patients can be divided in four groups, (i) unfavorable biomarkers only (60.9% or 502 patients), (ii) favorable biomarkers only (2.9% or 24 patients), and (iii) mixed unfavorable and favorable biomarkers (27.7% or 228 patients), and (iv) no detected biomarkers (8.5% or 70 patients) (FIG. 2B).

Therefore, while it is common to detect more than one biomarker in the patient, we observed that patients tend to have the same type of exon splicing biomarker (all unfavorable or all favorable). Additional work is ongoing to devise a strategy to utilize these exon biomarkers in the clinical

Example Application: Use of 52-Exon Splicing Biomarker Panel for Prognosis

We classified patients into different groups based on the outcome (unfavorable, favorable, mixed, no prediction) and number of exon splicing biomarkers (exactly one event, more than one event). The classification is available in the Table 3. For instant, unfavorable prognosis was ascertained to 11.9% of patient (exactly one event).

TABLE 3 Exon Splicing Biomarker Outcome Prediction Number of exon Number of Percent Outcome splicing biomarkers patients Total Unfavorable 1 event 98 11.9% Unfavorable >1 event   40   49% Favorable 1 event 14  1.7% Favorable >1 event   10  1.2% Mixed >1 event   228 27.7% No prediction 0 event 70  8.5%

TABLE 4 Genomic Location of Exon Inclusion Biomarkers Splicing Exon Exon Exon Gencode event id Gene Chr Strand Target^(¶) Upstream^(¶) Downstream^(¶) RefSeq* v.28* 13343 ENAH chr1 − 225595208- 225567249- 225600208- No No 225595329 225567414 225600362 1446 CCDC115 chr2 − 130339560- 130338250- 130340908- Yes Yes 130339701 130339232 130341039 15088 POLI chr18 + 54272095- 54271360- 54273926- No No 54272242 54271485 54274090 16864 PLXNB1 chr3 − 48413458- 48413069- 48413670- No No 48413537 48413169 48413818 21181 SH3GLB1 chr1 + 86728403- 86724313- 86734602- Yes Yes 86728489 86724405 86734691 34793 TCF25 chr16 + 89878461- 89873578- 89883351- No Yes 89878627 89873859 89883512 42420 PRR5- chr22 + 44809006- 44808307- 44814672- No No ARHGAP8 44811304 44808438 44814758 4322 WDR45B chr17 − 82625587- 82625389- 82627204- No No 82625762 82625483 82627291 44438 VPS29 chr12 − 110498820- 110496012- 110502049- No No 110499546 110496203 110502108 48175 E4F1 chr16 + 2226229- 2223591- 2228372- No No 2226317 2223770 2228523 49765 TEN1- chr17 + 75985173- 75979275- 75986187- No No CDK3 75985288 75979511 75986284 5134 PLEKHA6 chr1 − 204271248- 204268208- 204273626- No No 204271374 204268312 204273740 56552 GNAZ chr22 + 23122192- 23095706- 23123087- No No 23122702 23096418 23125026 5696 TTC3 chr21 + 37075936- 37073269- 37108392- No No 37076066 37073364 37108446 57139 RNF8 chr6 + 37359183- 37354012- 37360446- No Yes 37359342 37354275 37360574 57874 ZDHHC13 chr11 + 19124904- 19117150- 19142978- No No 19125180 19117276 19143123 60615 SH3GLB2 chr9 − 129009453- 129009106- 129009771- Yes Yes 129009467 129009346 129009871 62560 ITFG1 chr16 − 47450354- 47428804- 47451396- No No 47450453 47428898 47451470 6785 SPATS2 chr12 + 49441730- 49371228- 49460770- No Yes 49441816 49371290 49461037 8742 DHRS11 chr17 + 36593449- 36591903- 36594971- No No 36593616 36592156 36595180 ^(¶)Human genome build hg38 *Yes: there exists a transcript harboring 3 exons (target, upstream and downstream), as well as transcript harboring 2 exons (upstream and downstream) reported in the database

TABLE 5 Genomic Location of Exon Exclusion Biomarkers Splicing Exon Exon Exon Gencode event id Gene Chr Strand Target^(¶) Upstream^(¶) Downstream^(¶) RefSeq* v.28* 1506 CENPK chr5 − 65528919- 65528452- 65529117- No Yes 65529017 65528578 65529199 2098 METTL5 chr2 − 169815477- 169811764- 169819561- No No 169815528 169812506 169819643 2242 PLA2R1 chr2 − 159955698- 159955199- 159956510- No No 159955828 159955346 159956627 7106 RHOH chr4 + 40197101- 40193489- 40242714- Yes Yes 40197300 40193812 40242834 7108 RHOH chr4 + 40197121- 40193545- 40242714- No No 40197300 40193812 40242834 9442 QPRT chr16 + 29695172- 29694664- 29696996- No No 29695199 29695096 29697127 10439 IL17RB chr3 + 53855294- 53852871- 53856844- No No 53855341 53852997 53856986 11685 STAU1 chr20 − 49174195- 49153933- 49188116- Yes Yes 49174269 49154071 49188357 13451 LYRM1 chr16 + 20915556- 20902486- 20920122- Yes Yes 20915714 20902717 20920214 14574 PPARG chr3 + 12416704- 12405882- 12433898- No Yes 12417154 12406081 12434577 16269 BORCS8- chr19 − 19180686- 19150682- 19182573- No Yes MEF2B 19180761 19150764 19182683 16833 ENOSF1 chr18 − 691204- 690549- 693882- No No 691276 690631 693908 16929 DHRS4- chr14 − 23953774- 23940393- 23954748- No No AS1 23954033 23941158 23955082 16943 NDUFV2 chr18 + 9115528- 9103092- 9117838- No No 9115902 9103433 9117903 18745 FER1L4 chr20 − 35560163- 35559341- 35560540- No No 35560364 35559627 35560638 19824 PHF14 chr7 + 11061791- 11051612- 11061964- No No 11061852 11051780 11063404 19828 PHF14 chr7 + 11061791- 11051612- 11061964- No No 11061851 11051780 11062085 21024 BCL2L13 chr22 + 17696141- 17683214- 17726677- No No 17696210 17683321 17729133 22227 SELENBP1 chr1 − 151369004- 151368199- 151369713- No No 151369189 151368319 151369769 24742 LINC00630 chrX + 102816992- 102770352- 102825993- No No 102817082 102770420 102826169 27194 CTBP2 chr10 − 125133512- 125038997- 125162581- No No 125133612 125039155 125162780 30244 SLC52A2 chr8 + 144357251- 144354661- 144359184- No No 144357602 144354690 144359423 33377 SLC38A1 chr12 − 46196725- 46194651- 46197720- No No 46196871 46196276 46197817 40521 FAM65A chr16 + 67544956- 67544695- 67545376- No No 67545117 67544830 67545534 41168 USP25 chr21 + 15777904- 15766002- 15791502- No No 15778027 15766141 15791664 45885 HMOX2 chr16 + 4483637- 4474771- 4505484- No No 4483754 4474847 4505610 50148 MKRN2OS chr3 − 12543180- 12541860- 12545247- No No 12543229 12542022 12545524 52249 ATP8A2P1 chr10 + 37248118- 37242758- 37261864- No No 37248396 37242847 37261925 53188 HIBCH chr2 − 190208880- 190204635- 190212956- Yes Yes 190208913 190205232 190213075 58853 SLC35C2 chr20 − 46355802- 46355073- 46356574- No No 46355865 46355241 46356637 59314 TRIM5 chr11 − 5709135- 5679761- 5937401- No No 5709255 5680238 5937505 60239 HSD17B6 chr12 + 56763198- 56752180- 56773834- No Yes 56763414 56752318 56774165 ^(¶)Human genome build hg38 *Yes: there exists a transcript harboring 3 exons (target, upstream and downstream), as well as transcript harboring 2 exons (upstream and downstream) reported in the database

Example 2

In this example, we analyzed the splicing events listed in Table 4 and Table 5 (see FIGS. 3A-54D). The expression (expressed as PSI) of these target exons varies substantially across cancer and normal samples (see, e.g., FIG. 3A, varying from 0 (0% inclusion) to 0.3 (30% inclusion)).

Visual inspection of data suggests the existence of a subpopulation of samples in which the target exon is included, or “spliced-in”. This subpopulation (classification “4” samples in FIG. 3A) was formally detected using a clustering methodology called GMM. The GMM analysis of splicing event 1446 (CCDC115) generated 4 subpopulations of samples (clusters).

Nonetheless, only one of the clusters (e.g., C4 of FIGS. 3A and 3B) qualifies as a tumor specific cluster, because it has the following properties:

-   -   cluster C4 contains more than >90% of tumor samples (see FIG.         3B);     -   cluster C4 has >10% increase expression (PSI) compared to normal         (PSI_(tumor)−PSI_(normal)>10%), see FIG. 3C; and     -   the exon inclusion event is very low or absent expression in         normal tissues (PSI_(normal)<5%), see FIG. 3C.

The cluster C4 contains 97 breast cancer patients out of 824 analyzed, which means that the exon inclusion event was detected in ˜12% of TCGA breast cancer patients. Moreover, survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C4 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA indicates that patients in C4 (expressing the targeting exon) have a worse overall survival (FIG. 3D). Therefore, the exon inclusion event 1446 (CCDC115) is (i) specific to breast cancer, (ii) is detected in a subpopulation of breast cancer patients, and (iii) is associated to unfavorable overall survival.

Furthermore, the expression (expressed as PSI) of a different target exon varies substantially across cancer and normal samples (see, e.g., FIG. 23A, varying from 0 (0% exclusion) to 1.0 (100% inclusion)).

Visual inspection of data suggests the existence of a subpopulation of samples in which the target exon is excluded, or “spliced-out”. This subpopulation (classification “4” samples in FIG. 23A) was formally detected using a clustering methodology called GMM. The GMM analysis of splicing event 1506 (CENPK) generated 4 subpopulations of samples (clusters).

Nonetheless, only two of the clusters (e.g., C1 and C3 of FIGS. 23A and 23B) qualifies as a tumor specific cluster, because it has the following properties:

-   -   clusters C1 and C3 contains more than >90% of tumor samples (see         FIG. 23B);     -   cluster C1 has >10% increase expression (PSI) compared to normal         (PSI_(tumor)−PSI_(normal)>10%), see FIG. 23C; and     -   the exon exclusion event is very low or absent expression in         normal tissues (PSI_(normal)<5%), see FIG. 23C.

The cluster C1 contains 37 breast cancer patients out of 824 analyzed, which means that the exon exclusion event was detected in ˜4% of TCGA breast cancer patients. Moreover, survival analysis of breast cancer patients in cluster C1 versus the remaining breast cancer patients in TCGA indicates that patients in C1 (the targeting exon is spliced out) have a worse overall survival (FIG. 23D). Therefore, the exon exclusion event 1506 (CENPK) is (i) specific to breast cancer, (ii) is detected in a subpopulation of breast cancer patients, and (iii) is associated to unfavorable overall survival.

TABLE 6 Exon Inclusion Event Sequences Splicing Event ID Gene Name cDNA Sequence SEQ ID NO:  1446 CCDC115 GCCTGCAGCTGGCCGCAGACATAGCCAGCCTCC  1 AGAACCGCATTGACTGGGGTCGAAGCCAGCTCC The underlined GGGGACTCCAAGAGAAACTCAAGCAGCTGGAGC exon inclusion CTGGGGCTGCCTGACATGCGCGCAAAGAGGCAG sequence is GGCAGCGAGCACAGCTGTTCTCCGACATGGCTA SEQ ID NO: CGTGATCTCAGGCCTTCTTCCTTCACAATTAGCT 21. CTTGCCCCTACCCCACGCCAGCTAATGCCCCTTC TGTGTCCCTGCTCTGCATGTTTCCATTTTCCTTAG GTGTGAAGTTTGAAGAGGCAAACAGTAATTTTG AAAGCCACTACTTTGAAACCATTCTAAGGCCTG AGTTCCCATAGGACACACTCACATAGGCAGGTA CACGTTAGTCAACAATTGGAACTGCCTCTTGGAT CACTCAGCTGTGCTTTCATGGCTGGATGATGGAA CACTGTGCGAAGAGAGATGGGGGCCAGGAAGTA GCGCTTCATGCTTAGTACATCCTCCAAATTGTCT TTGCTGGAGGAGAAAACCGTACTCAGCCAAAAG ATCAGGACAATATGACTTGAGTCCACAAGGACA CAAACACCTGAGTAGCTGGGCAGCCCTTGGCAG GGTCTAAGCCAGGAAGTAAAAATGATCTGGCCT AGATATTTAAGGGAACTCTAGGAAGAGGCCTAG GTTTTTAAAATCCTGTCTCTTTGTCTTACCATAAG AGGCTGAGCCTCTCTTCATTTTTTTGAAGGGCCA CTTGTGTTTTCTGTTCTGGGAACTTCATTCATTTT TCTACTGGGTTGTTGATCTTTGCAGTAATTTCTA GGAGCTGTTTATGTTTGGAGGTAATTGGTCCTTT GTCCATATATATGAGATGTAAGTCTTATTTTCCA GTTTATCTTTTTGCTTATTTTTTTTGACTTTTTATT GTAAAATAAAACATCAAACTGCACAGAACAGTT GAATAGCTTAATGAATAACTACAGTAAAAGCTA TGGTAACC CCCTGCTGCTGAACAGGAGGCCGA AGACGAGAGCTGCCCGGAGGACTGGGCAGCA GCTGTTCCAGCAGAGACATCAGCAAAAGCCA TCTAGAGGTGGATCCAGAGTGTGGACTAACA GAGAAAAGAAGTGGAGGGAGAGCAG GTCTGC GGAGGCGCAAGGGCCCCACTAAGACCCCAGAAC CGGAGTCCTCTGAGGCCCCTCAGGACCCCCTGA ACTGGTTTGGAATCCTAGTTCCTCACAGTCTACG TCAGGCTCAAGCAAGCTTCCGGGATG 13343 ENAH TGAACAGAGTATCTGTCAGGCAAGAGCTGCTGT  2 GATGGTTTATGATGATGCCAATAAGAAGTGGGT The underlined GCCAGCTGGTGGCTCAACTGGATTCAGCAGAGT exon inclusion TCATATCTATCACCATACAGGCAACAACACATTC sequence is AGAGTGGTGGGCAGGAAGATTCAGGACCATCAG SEQ ID NO: ACAGAGTCTCGCTCTGTTGCCCAGGCTAGAG 22. TGCAATGGCGTAATCTCAGCTCACTGCAACCT CCGCCTCCCGTGTTCAAGCGATTCTCCTGCCT CAGCCTCCTGAGTAGCTGGGATCACAG ACAG AGTCTGACTGTTGCCCAGGCTGGAGTGCAATGG CACCAACATGGCTCACTGCAACCTTGACCTCCTG GGCTCAAGTGATCCTCCCGGCCTCCGTCTCCCGA ATAGCGGTCTTACTCATTTTCTACGTGTGTGTTG AGTGCACCATTTGAGA 15088 POLI GAGTTCATGATCAAGTGTTGCCCACACCAAATG  3 CTTCATCCAGAGTCATAGTACATGTGGATCTGGA The underlined TTGCTTTTATGCACAAGTAGAAATGATCTCAAAT exon inclusion CCAGAGCTAAAAGACAAACCTTTAG GAAAGATT sequence is CCTCTTTTAGTGTAAGCATAAAGAACATTTTT SEQ ID NO: GGTTCACTTGCTGCTACCCTCTTGTGCCCACT 23. TTGGCTTAATAAATCCCAATCCAGCCTAGCTG ATTTACTGAAGAACAAAGGGATGACTAGTTTT TGCTACGCCAAG GGGTTCAACAGAAATATTTGG TGGTTACCTGCAACTATGAAGCTAGGAAACTTG GAGTTAAGAAACTTATGAATGTCAGAGATGCAA AAGAAAAGTGTCCACAGTTGGTATTAGTTAATG GAGAAGACCTGACCCGCTACAGAGAAATGTCTT ATAAGGTTACAG 16864 PLXNB1 GAGGAAGAGCAAGCAGGCCCTGAGGGACTATA  4 AGAAGGTTCAGATCCAGCTGGAGAATCTGGAGA The underlined GCAGTGTGCGGGACCGCTGCAAGAAGGAATTCA exon inclusion CAG GCCAAGTGGTCTCTGTTCAACAACTCAGC sequence is TTTGCCACTGTGGCACAAAGGCAGCCAGGGA SEQ ID NO: CGACATGGAAACACATGAAA GTGCAGATGGGG 24. AACTTGCGCTTCTCCCTGGGTCACGTGCAGTATG ACGGCGAGAGCCCTGGGGCTTTTCCTGTGGCAG CCCAGGTGGGCTTGGGGGTGGGCACCTCTCTTCT GGCTCTGGGTGTCATCATCATTGTCCTCATGTAC AG 21181 SH3GLB1 AAAGAAAGGAAACTATTGCAAAATAAGAGACTG  5 GATTTGGATGCTGCAAAAACGAGACTAAAAAAG The underlined GCAAAAGCTGCAGAAACTAGAAATTCA CAACTA exon inclusion AACTCAGCTCGCCTTGAAGGAGATAACATTAT sequence is GGTAAATTTCTCTTACATGCTCAACTTCCTGC SEQ ID NO: ATGTAAAATGGCTGAAG TCTGAACAGGAATTA 25. AGAATAACTCAAAGTGAATTTGATCGTCAAGCA GAGATTACCAGACTTCTGCTAGAGGGAATCAGC AGTACACAT 34793 TCF25 ACCCCGCGCGAAGAGTGCGCAGGCGCGCCGACA  6 GCCGAGTTTTCTGCGCTTCCTTCTCCCTCTCTCCA The underlined GACGTCGTGGTCGTTCGGTCCTATGTCGCGCCGG exon inclusion GCCCTCCGGAGGCTGAGGGGGGAACAGCGCGGC sequence is CAGGAGCCCCTCGGGCCCGGCGCCTTGCATTTCG SEQ ID NO: ATCTCCGTGATGACGATGACGCGGAAGAAGAAG 26. GGCCCAAGCGGGAGCTTGGTGTCCGGCGTCCCG GGGGCGCAGGGAAGGAGGGCGTCCGAGTCAAC AACCGCTTCGAGCTG GAAAAATGGACATTTTCC TCTCCCCCTAAAAAAAGATAAAACTCCTTCCT GGTTATTAACTGAAATGCTGATCGAGCTTTAT CCTAAAGAAGATCAGTCGTGGACAAGAACCT TGTGAAATGTTCCCCATTTGAGACCCTAAAAC TAATGAAAATCACAGCTTTTGG ATAAACATTG ACGATCTTGAGGATGACCCTGTGGTGAACGGGG AGAGGTCTGGCTGTGCGCTCACAGACGCTGTGG CACCAGGGAACAAAGGAAGGGGTCAGCGTGGA AACACAGAGAGCAAGACGGATGGAGATGACAC CGAGACAGTGCCCTCAGAGCAG 42420 PRR5- GTATTTGAAGTACACACTGGACCAATACGTTGA  7 ARHGAP8 GAACGATTATACCATCGTCTATTTCCACTACGGG The underlined CTGAACAGCCGGAACAAGCCTTCCCTGGGCTGG exon inclusion CTCCAGAGCGCATACAAGGAGTTCGATAGGAA A sequence is GACGGGGATCTCACTATGTGGCCCAGGCTGG SEQ ID NO: TCTCGAACTCCAAGCTCAAGCGATCCTCCCAC 27. CTCAGCCTCCCAAAGTACTGGGATTACAGGC AGGAGCCACCATGCCAAGCCAACACTCTTGTT CTTAAAGGGCCAGACAGTCAGCATTTTAGCTT TGCAGGCCTGTTGCTCTATTGCAACAACTCTG CTGGACTGTGTTCCAGTAAAACATTATGGACG CTGAAATGTGAATTTCATGTCATTTTCACGTG TCATGAAATATTCTTCTGTTTTTTTTTTTCAAC CACTTAAAAACATAAAAAGCCATTTTTAGCTT GCAGCCTGTACCAAAGCAGGAAGCAGGCTAG GTTCATCCTGCCTGCCCATTCTCCCACCCCTG GTCCAGTGAATTACTGGCAAAGAAACAACTG CATGACCGTTTCTTCACTAAAGCCTCTTCTTG CTTTCACAGCCCTTTACAGTCTGCAAGGGGCA TTCTGATGCCTCTTGTTGGTGAGATGGCAGCC TCATTTTACAGATGAGGACATAGGCCCCAGG GAGCAAGTGACTTACCCGTGGTCACTCAGCTT GTGTGTGGTAGGGCAGGATCCCACCCCAGGC CCCCGCCTCCCTCTCCCACCCAACGCTACTCA CCGCTTGGCCATGGCCTGGAGCCGGCAGACT TTTCCTGAGGGACGTCCGGCCTAATAATCAAC TTGGCAATATATCTGGCTCGTAGACTGCGGC GATGGGCGTTGATGTGGATATCCTAGATTCCT CTGGGTTTTCCTTCTTCAAAGTCCTTTCAAAC CTGTAACAGAAATCTGCTTCACAGATATCTGA GTCAGTGGGACAGTGGAAGGCAGTGCCTGAA TGTCCCAGAAGTCCTCCCTCCAGTTGCCTTTT GGGTCCTGCTGTCATTATCAATAGGACCTTCG GAGGGACTTCTTGGTTCCCCATCCTATGTCTT AGGGAAAGAATTGTTGCTGTATTTTGCAGTCA TTTACTGGGCACCTGTATAAGCTGGAGATGG CCTAGCCCCAGCGCATGTCCTCCTCCAGGAA GGCTTCCTGGGTTGTCCTGGGAGAATCAATA GCCCCTTCCCTGCAGCCTCACTGTGCCTAAGC AGACACCAATCCTAGCTAGCACTTAGGGGTTT GTGAACAGGTCTGCCTCCTGCACTAGGCTGT GATCCCGGACCTGTCTCTGCATCCCTTGCAGG TGGGAAAGGATCTGCATATGGCAGCCTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGAGACAGAGTCTCATT CTATTGCCTGGGCTGGAGCACAGTGGCGAGA TCTCGGCTCACCACAACCTCCACCTCCCAGGT TCAAGTGATTCTCCTGCCTCAGCCTCCTGAGT ACCTGGGACTACAGGCGTGAGCCACCATGCC CGGCTAATTTTTGTATTTTTAGTAGAGACGGG GTTTCACTATGTTGGCCAGGCTGGTCTTGAAC TCCTGACCTCGTGATCCGCCTGCCTTGGCCTC CCAAAGTGCCGGGATTACAGGCGTGAGCCAC TGTGCCCAGCCGGCAGGCTTTTATTAAGCGTT AGATGGGAGGATAGAGGAGTGAAGTGGTACT GGCAGGAAGTACCAAGGTTCCAGCTGGCGTA ATCAGGAAGGCTGCATGGAGGAAGCAGCCTT TGAGCTGCCTGTGGAGTGGTGGGCAGGGTGT TGTGAAGTGGCAATCACTGGATTTTGCTTCTG GTACGAGGTGTGGCCAGATGCAAGAAAGAGC AGGGTGGACTTTGGTGCAATTGGTGGGGGTC TGGTCTGTAGGGTTCCCGTGGGGAGCCGTGG AGGGAGGCAGCAAAGGAGGGAGGGGCACAG AGGATGCTGGACTGTGTTTAAGAGGCAGCAG GGAGCCATGGCAGGTGCTTGAGGAGAAGCGA GTGATGTGTTTAAAGCAGCCCTTTCAGGAGG CTCAGGCTCACAGCAGGATGTGCACAGTAGC CCTGTCTTGAGCTAAAGCAGATGAAGGTTTTG CCCTCTGCACTTCCCCACGTGAGAAACGAAG ATGCACCCGCAGATTCCTTGAGGCAGCTCCC CCACTTCTCAGTTGCCAGAAATCAGCCCAGAG AAACAAACCCGTAATCAGCCCAGGGTGCTTTC CCTTCCCTTTCTCGAGGGGGCTGCTGGTTCGC ACATAAGGAGTGGGTCACTCCCGCTTGGGAG AAAGCAGCAGAATTCCTTCACAGCCAGGTAA GATGTGCCAGTGGTCGATGGATGAAATCTAG CCGGGGAGTTGGAATCTGTGTTGCCAGCAGT GACCTGTGAGCAGTGACAAAGCCAAAG GTAC AAGAAGAACTTGAAGGCCCTCTACGTGGTGCAC CCCACCAGCTTCATCAAGGTCCTGTGGAACATCT TGAAGCCCCTCATCAG  4322 WDR45B AATTGTGGTGGTTTTGGACTCCATGATTAAGGTG  8 TTCACATTCACACACAATCCCCATCAGTTGCACG The underlined TCTTCGAAACCTGCTATAACCCCAAAG ATGGAG exon inclusion TGTTTGATGATGTCTCTCTGAACCTCAGAGAC sequence is GTCTCTTAGGCTGACCTTCACCCAGGCGAGA SEQ ID NO: AGCACTCCCTCAGCAGAGCCAGCCCACGTGC 28. ACTCGCCGAGCTCCAGGCCTGGCGCTGGCTA CCTGCCTCCAGAGCTTTTTCTTCAGGAACACT CCTTTTCTGTGTG TAATGATCTGGGATGACCTG AAGAAGAAGACTGTTATTGAAATAGAATTTTCT ACAGAAGTCAAGGCAGTCAAGCTGCGGCGAGAT AG 44438 VPS29 TTGGTGTTGGTATTAGGAGATCTGCACATCCCAC  9 ACCGGTGCAACAGTTTGCCAGCTAAATTCAAAA The underlined AACTCCTGGTGCCAGGAAAAATTCAGCACATTC exon inclusion TCTGCACAGGAAACCTTTGCACCAAAGAGAGTT sequence is ATGACTATCTCAAGACTCTGGCTGGTGATGTTCA SEQ ID NO: TATTGTGAGAGGAGACTTCGATGAGG CTGGGCA 29. CAGAGTAAGTTTCTTCACTTAGCTCCTACTAA CAGTGGTGGTTGGGTGGCTGTTTACTGACTG GATTTCTTACCCTTTTAAGGTCTGTTGAAAGG AAGTAACCGAATTCCCATGCTTTGATTGGGTT GGCTCTTTATTTTAATTTAATAAGACTGCCAT TTCCAGGATCTTTTGCTTTCTTAAAGGACTCT ATCATCTATGTCTATCCCGATTTGTCAAAGTG TGGAATTTGGGCGGGAACATGTTTCAAAGTAT GACACGTGTTATGTAACACTATTTCCCCATAA CTTTGTCATCAGCAGGAAACCAGAGGATTCTG TCCTAGTAAGGATCCCTACTAATTTGAAATGA TTGTGTGGTCATTCATACAGTTATATCTTTAG ACTGCTAATAGTCTTGAGTCTTGGAGATAATC CACAGTACTTTATAGAATTAGGTCATCAATCA TTATAAAGTACCATGTCTTACTAATGTTCTTT CTGGTACATTCAGATTGAACAGCTCATTCATT ATTAGTACCAAACATTTCAACCTGTTGTAGAC ATATACCCTTTTATGAGTTTGGGGTGGTGGTT GTTGTTGTTGTTCTTCTTCTTCTTTTAAATATA GAAATCTATTATTTTTACCTTTTTCTCAAAGCA AGATTCCCATACTAACTATGTACTTCAATCCA TATCAGAAGGAATCCCCCTCTAAAATGAAGAT TGTTCTATATCCAG GAGCCTGAGGAAGAGGGC GGCGACGGTGGTGGTGACTGAGCGGAGCCCGGT GACAGGATG 48175 E4F1 ATCTTCCTGCGGCGCGTTGCGACATGGAGGGCG 10 CGATGGCAGTGCGGGTGACGGCCGCTCATACGG The underlined CAGAAGCCCAGGCCGAAGCCGGGCGGGAAGCG exon inclusion GGCGAGGGTGCAGTTGCGGCGGTGGCGGCGGCC sequence is TTGGCCCCCAGCGGCTTCCTCGGCCTCCCGGCGC SEQ ID NO: CCTTCAGCGAGGAAG CTTGGAGAAGGGCAGTG 30. CCCTCATGGCGAGGAGTCCCTTTAGAGGTTG CTGGGCCTGCTTGTGGCCTTGTCTGGTGTGA AATGGGCTGG ATGAGGACGATGTGCACAGATG CGGCCGCTGCCAGGCAGAGTTCACCGCCTTGGA GGATTTTGTTCAGCACAAGATTCAGAAGGCCTG CCAGCGGGCCCCTCCGGAGGCCCTGCCTGCCAC CCCTGCCACCACAGCGTTGCTGGGCCAGGAG 49765 TEN1- GGGGCGATGTCCGCGTCGTGGCTGGGGCCGGTC 11 CDK3 GCGGGGCAGACTAATCCCCTGCTCCTGGCCAGG The underlined GGAGGCTCCCGAGCGGATCCTCGGGAAAGGGGC exon inclusion TCCGAAGGTCAAGAAACTGCCCTGCTGGGCGTC sequence is CGGGGAGTGGGAAAATAAAGCACTTTTTGTATC SEQ ID NO: CCGCCCCTCCCCCGTCACGTGACCACGCGAGGC 31. GGAAAGAAGAAATCCGAGGACCGGCGACGCCT AGAACAG GGTCTTACTCTATTGCCGAGGCTAC AGTATAGTGGTGTGATCATAGCTCACTGCAGC TTCAACCTCCTGTGGTGGTGATCCTCCTGCCT CAGCCTCCTAAGTTGCTGGGACTACAG GAGCC CATGATGCTGCCCAAACCTGGGACCTATTACCTC CCCTGGGAGGTTAGTGCAGGCCAAGTTCCTGAT GGGAGCACGCTGAGAACATTTGGCAG  5134 PLEKHA6 GCAACTCGCACAGCCCGCAAAGCCGTCGCCTTT 12 GGCAAGCGCTCACACTCCATGAAGCGGAACCCC The underlined AATGCACCTGTCACCAAGGCGGGCTGGCTCTTC exon inclusion AAACAG TTGCTGAGTGCTTGTTATGGCTGGAT sequence is ACCTTGCTGGCTCTGGTGATAAAGAGATGAA SEQ ID NO: AAAGACAAAAGTTCCTCCCTGCAAAGAGCTCA 32. TGGTGCAATGGAAGAGATAGAAAGCTGCATT GTGACAG ATCGACCTTGGACATGTCCAATAAAA CAGGTGGGAAACGCCCGGCTACCACCAACAGTG ACATACCCAACCACAACATGGTGTCCGAGGTCC CTCCAGAGCGGCCCAGCGTCCGG 56552 GNAZ GGCAAAGCTCAGAGGAAAAAGAAGCAGCCCGG 13 CGGTCCCGGAGAATTGACCGCCACCTGCGCTCA The underlined GAGAGCCAGCGGCAACGCCGCGAAATCAAGCTG exon inclusion CTCCTGCTGGGCACCAGCAACTCAGGCAAGAGC sequence is ACCATCGTCAAACAGATGAAGATCATCCACAGC SEQ ID NO: GGCGGCTTCAACCTGGAGGCCTGCAAGGAGTAC 33. AAGCCCCTCATCATCTACAATGCCATCGACTCGC TGACCCGCATCATCCGGGCCCTGGCCGCCCTCAG GATCGACTTCCACAACCCCGACCGCGCCTACGA CGCTGTGCAGCTCTTTGCGCTGACGGGCCCCGCT GAGAGCAAGGGCGAGATCACACCCGAGCTGCTG GGTGTCATGCGACGGCTCTGGGCCGACCCAGGG GCACAGGCCTGCTTCAGCCGCTCCAGCGAGTAC CACCTGGAGGACAACGCGGCCTACTACCTGAAC GACCTGGAGCGCATCGCCGCAGCTGACTATATC CCCACTGTCGAGGACATCCTGCGCTCCCGGGAC ATGACCACGGGCATTGTGGAGAACAAGTTCACC TTCAAGGAGCTCACCTTCAAGATGGTGGACGTG GGGGGGCAGAGGTCAGAGCGCAAAAAGTGGAT CCACTGCTTCGAGGGCGTCACAGCCATCATCTTC TGTGTGGAGCTCAGCGGCTACGACCTGAAACTC TACGAGGATAACCAGACA GGAAGTGGTGAACT GGGGAGTCAGACAAGAGCATCATGCTTCTTA AAAGCCCAGACCCCTGGCTATAACACATCGA AGATTCTCAGAAGAGAATTGAGGAGCGGACA GGCGCCACACTCCGTTGTGGTCACTGCCTCTT CCTGGCCCACCACACTCCTGTCCTCTGCATGT ACTGAGAGCTCTGTCCAGGATGCCAGGGTCC TGCCTCGGCAGAGAGGCGGTGCCAGATGCCC CACAGCAGCTGGTGGGAGTGCCCACAGCTGG AGGGCAGGGGAGGAGCCTGGCCTCTGGCTGG TGTTTCCTTCCCAGCTCTCAAGAACTGGAGAC TTTGGTTACAGAAGTGAAGGCTGCTCCCTCAC AGACTTCCTAGTGTCCGATGGTACCACATGGA AGGATCAGAGTTTTGAAGGACTGGGCCAGAA CCCAGATAGGGCACAAGGCTGCCAGCGCCTG CATTGAGGGAGCTATGATGTGACGGGGGCTC CTGCAGAAGATGGCCTTCCTTGTACAG AGTCG GATGGCAGAGAGCTTGCGCCTCTTTGACTCCATC TGCAACAACAACTGGTTCATCAACACCTCACTCA TCCTCTTCCTGAACAAGAAGGACCTGCTGGCAG AGAAGATCCGCCGCATCCCGCTCACCATCTGCTT TCCCGAGTACAAGGGCCAGAACACGTACGAGGA GGCCGCTGTCTACATCCAGCGGCAGTTTGAAGA CCTGAACCGCAACAAGGAGACCAAGGAGATCTA CTCCCACTTCACCTGCGCCACCGACACCAGTAAC ATCCAGTTTGTCTTCGACGCGGTGACAGACGTCA TCATACAGAACAATCTCAAGTACATTGGCCTTTG CTGAGGAGCTGGGCCCGGGGCCCGCCTGCCTAT GGTGAAACCCACGGGGTGTCATGCCCCAACGCG TGCTAGAGAGGCCCAATCCAGGGGCAGAAAACA GGGGGCCTAAAGAATGTCCCCCACCCCTTGGCC TCTGCCTCCTTGGCCCCACATTTCTGCAAACATA AATATTTACGGATAGATTGCTAGGTAGATAGAC ACACACACATGCACACACACACATCTGGAGATG GCAAAATCCTCTAAAATGTCGAGGTCTCTTGAA GACTTGAGAAGCTGTCACAAGGTCACTACAAGC CCAACCTGCCCCTTCACTTTGCCTTCCTGAGTTG GCCCCACTCCACTTGGGGGTCTGCATTGGATTGT TAGGGATAGGCAGCAGGGCTGAGGCAAGGTAG GCCAACTGCACCCCTGTCGCCTGGAGGAGGGCC AGCTCGCTGCCCGAGCTCTGGCCTAGGGACCTTG CCGCTGACCAAGAGGGAGGACCAGTGCAGGGTC TGTGCACCTTCCCTGCTGGCCTGCACACAGCTGC TCAGCACCACTTTCATTCTGGACCTGGGACCTTA GGAGCCGGGTGACAGCACTAACCAGACCTCCAG CCACTCACAGCTCTTTTTAAAAAACAGCTTCAAA ATATGCAGCAAAAACCAATACAACAAAACGAGT GGCACGATTTATTTCAAACTAGGCCAGCTGGGA TTCCAGCTTTTCTTCTACTAGTCTGATGTTTTATA AATCAAAACCTGGTTTTCCTTCTCTGACATTTTTT TTTTGTTTTGTTTTTTGGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGGC CAAATCTCGTGGTGTTTCGCAGAAAAAAATCCA GAAAATTTCAAATGCAGTTGAGTATTCTTTTTTA AATGCAGATTTTCAAAACATATTTTTTTTCAGGT GGTCTTTTTTGTGTCTGGCTTGCTGAGTGTAAAA GTTGTTATCTGGACGATCTGTCTCTCTGCTCCAA AGAAATTTTGGAGTGAGTGGCAGTCCTGCGCCA GCCTCGCGGGACACGTGTTGTACATAAGCCTCTG CAGTGTCCTCTTGTTAATGGTGGGGTTTTCTGCT TTGTTTTTATTTAAGAAAATAAACACGACATATT TAAAGAAGGTTCTTTCACCTGGGAGCAAATGAA CAATAGCTAAGTGTCTTGGTATTTAAAGAGTAA ATTATTTGTGGCTTTGCTGAGTGAAGGAAGGGG AGCAAGGGGTGGTGCCCCTGGTCCCAGCATGCC CCGCGCCTGAGACTGGCTGGAAATGCTCTGACT CCTGTGAAGGCACAGCCAGCGTTGTGGCCTGAG GGAGGCCCTGCTGGGACCCTGATCTGGGCCTTCC TGTCCCAGGGCCTATGGGCAACTGCGTTGAAAG GACGTTCGCCAAGGGCCGTGTGTAAATACGAAC TGCGCCATGGAGAGGAGAGGCACTGCCGGAGCC CTTGCCAGATCTCCCTCCCTCTCTCCGTGCAGTA GCTGTGTGTCCGAGGTCAGTGTGCGGAATCACA GCCAAGGACGTGAAGAGATGTACGGGGGAAAG AGAAGCTGGGGATTGGATGAAAGTCAAAGGTTG TCTACTTTAAGAAAATAAAATACCCTG  5696 TTC3 CCGTCGGCTGACGTGGAGGGCCGGAGGTGGCGG 14 CGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCCC The underlined GCGTCCGAGGCTCGCGGGCGGCGGGCCCGG TAT exon inclusion TTGATAAATTCAAAATATATGTAAAACATATG sequence is CAAGCTGTATAGCAGAACAATAAAATGAACAC SEQ ID NO: CTATGAATTCACCACTCAATCCAATAATCAAA 34. ATGACCAGTATTGAATGTGCTTACTTCCAGAG AAATGCACTCGGTGATGGAAAGAGAGCCACTAT TCTGAAGAACACTTGGCCAAAG 57139 RNF8 GGCGAGCGGAGCCTGCTTTCGCAGCGATCGCGA 15 GCGTGTGGCGATTGCTTCTGTCTGTTATTTAGAT The underlined ATGGAAGCTGAGGGGATGCACAGAGGCAGCCA exon inclusion GAACCTAGGTCAGGGTCTCGCTCGGTGCTGACC sequence is GCCCCCGGGGTCGAGTAGGCGATGGGGGAGCCC SEQ ID NO: GGCTTCTTCGTCACAGGAGACCGCGCCGGTGGC 35. CGGAGCTGGTGCCTGCGGCGGGTGGGGATGAGC GCCGGGTGGCTGCTGCTGGAAGATGGGTGCGAG GGTTGTTATGAACTAGACTGGTCCAACAGGA AAGTATGATAGATGTGAACTGGGGCTTCTTTT CAACCTTTTCCGGAAGCTCTCAAGCTGTTCTT GTGGATAAGACAGAGAATATGTACTCCAATG CAAAGACTTTTGGTTGAATTATAACTGGCTGA AG GTGACTGTAGGACGAGGATTTGGTGTCACAT ACCAACTGGTATCAAAAATCTGCCCCCTGATGAT TTCTCGAAACCACTGTGTTTTGAAGCAGAATCCT GAGGGCCAATGGACAATTATGGACAACAAG 57874 ZDHHC13 CCAGCAGGAAGTGGGAGAAGAGGCGACCCAAG 16 GCGGGCTGGCGGGCTGGCGGCAGTCGCTACTTG The underlined CCTAGTAGCCTCAGCCGCTGTGGGCTCCTGGGG exon inclusion AGATGGAGGGGCCGGGGCTGGGCTCGCAG CCTT sequence is GACTTGAGCCCTGGAAATAAGCATCAGTGCA SEQ ID NO: GACGAGTGCTCTATGAGAAGCTATCTAGTTAA 36. AGCTCAAGGAGCCACAAAGGGATTTCCTGGC AGCACAGTCACCAGAAACACTGAGGGAGAAC TCTCTGAACAGAGGAATTGTGACCCCAAGAC AGTAGTTTTTAGACGTGACACCAAAAGCACAA TCCATAAAAGAACAAATTGATAAATTGGACTT TTTTAAAATTTAAAACTTCTGCTCTATGAAAC AGACTTTTAAGAGATGGGAAG TGCAGGAATCA CAGCCATGGCCCCCACCCTCCAGGATTTGGTCGA TATGGCATCTGTGCACATGAAAACAAAGAACTT GCCAATGCAAGAGAAGCTCTTCCTCTTATAGAG GACTCTAGTAACTGTGACATTGTCAAAGCTACTC A 60615 SH3GLB2 ATTTCCCGGCACCTTCGTGGGCACCACAGAGCCC 17 GCCTCCCCACCCCTGAGCAGCACCTCACCCACCA The underlined CTGCTGCGGCCACTATGCCTGTGGTGCCCTCTGT exon inclusion GGCCAGCCTGGCCCCTCCGGGGGAGGCCTCGCT sequence is CTGCCTGGAAGAGGTGGCCCCCCCTGCCAGTGG SEQ ID NO: GACCCGCAAAGCTCGGGTGCTCTATGACTACGA 37. GGCAGCCGACAGCAGTGAGCTGGCCCTGCTGGC TGATGAG CTCCCAGGGTGCCAT GTGAACCACC TGCGCTGCCTCCACGAGTTCGTCAAGTCTCAGAC AACCTACTACGCACAGTGCTACCGCCACATGCT GGACTTGCAGAAGCAGCTGGGCAG 62560 ITFG1 GAATTTATCATGGCATCCAGCATTGACCACTACA 18 AGTAAAATGCGAATTCCACATTCTCATGCATTTA The underlined TTGATCTGACTGAAGATTTTACAGCAG CCATAC exon inclusion CACCCTGAACGCGCCCCATCTCTTCTGATCTC sequence is GGAAGCTAACCAAGGTCAGACCTGGTTAGTG SEQ ID NO: CTTGGATGGGAGATCACCTATTACTTTTTCT T 38. TTCAATGGTGATCTAATTCCTGATATTTTTGGTA TCACAAATGAATCCAACCAGCCACAGATACTAT TAGGAGG  6785 SPATS2 CTGCTGGCTACCAATATTCTACTTTCTGTCTCTAT 19 GAATGTGACTACCCTGGTTACCTCATAT TTATTT The underlined GCAGTGACTTAAAATTTGGAGGCAAATTTTCC exon inclusion TTAAGAGGATATCAAGTTCCAGTATCTTCAGA sequence is TGTTGATAAGCCGTTAG AATCTCCCTGGAAAA SEQ ID NO: GGAGACATGAATGTCTGCAATGATACTTCCTGA 39. CAAGAAGTTGATACAAGAAAAGGAAAGGAGAT TAACAGCTAGTGAGCAGAATTTCGAACAGCAGG ATTTCGTATTTTTTGCTTCCAACTGCACACTTCCG TTGCCCACTTTTAAATCAGAGATACCTACACTCA AAACCCAGACAAGGCAAAAGGATACTTTTCTTG TATATTTTTTGAGATCGAAGAAACGACAATGTCC AGGAAACAGAACCAGAAGG  8742 DHRS11 GATCGGACCCAAGCAGGTCGGCGGCGGCGGCAG 20 GAGAGCGGCCGGGCGTCAGCTCCTCGACCCCCG The underlined TGTCGGGCTAGTCCAGCGAGGCGGACGGGCGGC exon inclusion GTGGGCCCATGGCCAGGCCCGGCATGGAGCGGT sequence is GGCGCGACCGGCTGGCGCTGGTGACGGGGGCCT SEQ ID NO: CGGGGGGCATCGGCGCGGCCGTGGCCCGGGCCC 40. TGGTCCAGCAGGGACTGAAGGTGGTGGGCTGCG CCCGCACTGTGGGCAACATCGA GGAATTTTGAG TCTAGAGGAGGAAGCGGGAAGATGTACACCA GGGGAGGGGAAAGCTGCAGTCTTCCTTGCCC ACAGTCTGCTTTGATTGATTCAGTCATTGATG TTAAAGCAGAATTTGGGTTCTAGCTTCCTACA GAGAAAACTCCTGTTTCCTGAAGTGATCAAAT GAGCTGGCTGCTGAATGTAAGAGTGCAGGCTAC CCCGGGACTTTGATCCCCTACAGATGTGACCTAT CAAATGAAGAGGACATCCTCTCCATGTTCTCAGC TATCCGTTCTCAGCACAGCGGTGTAGACATCTGC ATCAACAATGCTGGCTTGGCCCGGCCTGACACC CTGCTCTCAGGCAGCACCAGTGGTTGGAAGGAC ATGTTCAAT

TABLE 7 Exon Exclusion Event Sequences Splicing Event Id Gene Name cDNA Sequence SEQ ID NO:  1506 CENPK AATCTTTAATGAACTGAAAACTAAAATGCTTAA 41 TATAAAAGAATATAAGGAGAAACTCTTGAGTAC The underlined CTTGGGCGAGTTTCTAGAAGACCATTTTCCTCTG exon exclusion CCTGATAGAAGTGTTAAAAAGAAAAAG GGAAC sequence is AACGGTGGTTGGATGAACAGCAACAGATAAT SEQ ID NO: GGAATCTCTTAATGTACTACACAGTGAATTG 73. AAAAATAAGGTTGAAACATTTTCTGAATCAA The sequence G TTCCAAAAGCTGAGACAAGATCTTGAAATGGT without the ACTGTCCACTAAGGAGTCAAAGAATGAAAAGTT underlined AAAGGAAGACTTAGAAAG exon exclusion sequence is SEQ ID NO: 105.  2098 METTL5 AACTTCGATATGACCTGCCAGCATCATACAAGTT 42 TCACAAAAAGAAATCAGTAAGTCTCTTGATTTTG The underlined GCTGGTCTACATTCGGTATTGAAAAGCTTTCTGG exon exclusion GCCGGATGTGGTGGTTCATGCCTGTAATCCCAGC sequence is TACTCGGGAGGCTGAGGCAAGAGAATCGCTTGA SEQ ID NO: ACTCAGGAGGCAGAGGTTGCAGTGAGCTGAGAT 74. TGCCCCACTGAACTCCAGCCTGCGCGATAAGAG The sequence TGAGACTCAGTCTCGAAAAAGAAAAAAAAAGGA without the AAGCTTTGTGACAAGTAATTATTTCTAGTGTTAC underlined CAACTTTCCTGTGTAAATATACAAAGCCAGCCTA exon exclusion GGAGACACCATAAATGGCCTGTGGGAAAGGCCC sequence is ATCGTCAATAGCTAATATTCTAGTTCTTTCCTAA SEQ ID NO: ATGCTTTGGGTACAAAAAGAAAAAAAAAATCAA 106. AAACTGTTTTTGCTCTTTTCATATAGTATATATTT TATTAGTTAGTTTGTACTAATACATTCTCATATTA CAAAGGCAATTTAATGGAAGAATCTTCCTTTTGA TATTTGAATCATCTGAAATAACACAAACAGAAC AATACATTCAAAGAAATCTCATTTGCATAACAA AAAGACAAGTTAAACAACAAAAAAATTTTTCCT TTCTCACAGGTGGACATTGAAGTGGACCTAATTC GGTTTTCCTTTTAAAAGCCCCGCAAACAAAAGTC GTTTAAAACCTATTTAAAATGAATAAAAAATTGG TT CATGTTCAAAAGAAAGCTGCAGAATGGAAA ATCAAGATAGATATTATAGCAG GGACAGATAT GGCTTTTCTAAAGACTGCTTTGGAAATGGCAAGA ACAGCAGTATATTCCTTACACAAATCCTCAACTA GAGAA  2242 PLA2R1 ATTCCAAGTCACAATACCACTGAAGTTCAGAAA 43 CACATTCCTCTCTGTGCCTTACTCTCAAGTAATC The underlined CTAATTTTCATTTCACTGGAAAATGGTATTTTGA exon exclusion AGACTGTGGAAAGGAAGGCTATGGGTTTGTTTGT sequence is GAAAAAATGCAAG CTTTCATTACTATGAATCTT SEQ ID NO: TTTGGCCAGACCACCAGTGTGTGGATAGGTTT 75. ACAAAATGATGATTATGAAACATGGCTAAATG The sequence GAAAGCCTGTGGTATATTCTAACTGGTCTCCA without the TTTGATATAATAAAT TGCCTTCTGCTGAATATCC underlined CCAAAGACCCAAGCAGTTGGAAGAACTGGACGC exon exclusion ATGCTCAACATTTCTGTGCTGAAGAAGGGGGGA sequence is CCCTGGTCGCCATTGAAAGTGAGGTGGAGCAAG SEQ ID NO: 107.  7106 RHOH AGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGGAGAGGAGGGGC 44 GGGGTGGGGGAGGAGGGGAGTGGGGAGAGAGA The underlined AAGAGAGAAACACCAAAAAGACATTTTCAAGGA exon exclusion AGGAAGAAAATTAGATGGCAACCCCCTGTCCCC sequence is TCCCCCTAAGAAAATCCTCTCTGAGATTAAACTG SEQ ID NO: TGTGAAGATTAGAGGCGTGTAGGTCAGGAGCAG 76. GAGGAAGCCCAACGCTGGACTGTACCAGATCAT The sequence CTAAAACTGGCAATTCCAGGCACAGAAAACCAG without the TTCTTCAGAAGCAGAAGGGTGGTCAGCCAGGGG underlined GTGAAAGGGACAGGGGTCTCGCAGCCAG CCCAA exon exclusion CTGTTGTATTTTCAGTTCTTCCAGTGTGAATC sequence is AGTTAATATTCTCGGGAACGAGGGAGAGGTT SEQ ID NO: GATCCTATGAGGAAATCAACCACAGTGAAAA 108. GGCTTGGGCCGCTTTTGTTTTCACCTGCTTTT GTTGAACAAATTTGATTTCCGGAGTCAGTCAT TTTACTGTCAAGACATTTCTTCGGCATTCTGC AACAG TTTCCAACATGGCTAGATCCATCAGAAA CTGAAGCCGTGGAGAACGCTCTCGGGGCCTTTG CCACTTCTTGGAGTAGAAGCCGACAGAGAGCTG TTTGGAAACTTCTCCTTCACACACCAG  7108 RHOH GAGAGAGAAAGAGAGAAACACCAAAAAGACAT 45 TTTCAAGGAAGGAAGAAAATTAGATGGCAACCC The underlined CCTGTCCCCTCCCCCTAAGAAAATCCTCTCTGAG exon exclusion ATTAAACTGTGTGAAGATTAGAGGCGTGTAGGT sequence is CAGGAGCAGGAGGAAGCCCAACGCTGGACTGTA SEQ ID NO: CCAGATCATCTAAAACTGGCAATTCCAGGCACA 77. GAAAACCAGTTCTTCAGAAGCAGAAGGGTGGTC The sequence AGCCAGGGGGTGAAAGGGACAGGGGTCTCGCAG without the CCAG TTCTTCCAGTGTGAATCAGTTAATATTC underlined TCGGGAACGAGGGAGAGGTTGATCCTATGAG exon exclusion GAAATCAACCACAGTGAAAAGGCTTGGGCCG sequence is CTTTTGTTTTCACCTGCTTTTGTTGAACAAATT SEQ ID NO: TGATTTCCGGAGTCAGTCATTTTACTGTCAAG 109. ACATTTCTTCGGCATTCTGCAACAG TTTCCAAC ATGGCTAGATCCATCAGAAACTGAAGCCGTGGA GAACGCTCTCGGGGCCTTTGCCACTTCTTGGAGT AGAAGCCGACAGAGAGCTGTTTGGAAACTTCTC CTTCACACACCAG  9442 QPRT GCCTGGCGCTGCTGCTGCCGCCCGTCACCCTGGC 46 AGCCCTGGTGGACAGCTGGCTCCGAGAGGACTG The underlined CCCAGGGCTCAACTACGCAGCCTTGGTCAGCGG exon exclusion GGCAGGCCCCTCGCAGGCGGCGCTGTGGGCCAA sequence is ATCCCCTGGGGTACTGGCAGGGCAGCCTTTCTTC SEQ ID NO: GATGCCATATTTACCCAACTCAACTGCCAAGTCT 78. CCTGGTTCCTCCCCGAGGGATCGAAGCTGGTGCC The sequence GGTGGCCAGAGTGGCCGAGGTCCGGGGCCCTGC without the CCACTGCCTGCTGCTGGGGGAACGGGTGGCCCT underlined CAACACGCTGGCCCGCTGCAGTGGCATTGCCAG exon exclusion TGCTGCCGCCGCTGCAGTGGAGGCCGCCAGGGG sequence is GGCCGGCTGGACTGGGCACGTGGCAGGCACGAG SEQ ID NO: GAAGACCACGCCAGGCTTCCGGCTGGTGGAGAA 110. TGTGGTGGCCGCCGGTGGCGTGGAGAAG GCG GTGCGGGCGGCCAGACAGGCGGCTGACTTCACT CTGAAGGTGGAAGTGGAATGCAGCAGCCTGCAG GAGGCCGTGCAGGCAGCTGAGGCTGGTGCCGAC CTTGTCCTGCTGGACAACTTCAAGCCAGAG 10439 IL17RB TGGACATTTTCCTACATCGGCTTCCCTGTAGAGC 47 TGAACACAGTCTATTTCATTGGGGCCCATAATAT The underlined TCCTAATGCAAATATGAATGAAGATGGCCCTTCC exon exclusion ATGTCTGTGAATTTCACCTCACCAG GCTGCCTA sequence is GACCACATAATGAAATATAAAAAAAAGTGTGT SEQ ID NO: CAAGGCCGG AAGCCTGTGGGATCCGAACATCAC 79. TGCTTGTAAGAAGAATGAGGAGACAGTAGAAGT The sequence GAACTTCACAACCACTCCCCTGGGAAACAGATA without the CATGGCTCTTATCCAACACAGCACTATCATCGGG underlined TTTTCTCAGGTGTTTGAG exon exclusion sequence is SEQ ID NO: 111. 11685 STAU1 AAAGCATAACCCCTACTGTAGAACTAAATGCAC 48 TGTGCATGAAACTTGGAAAAAAACCAATGTATA The underlined AGCCTGTTGACCCTTACTCTCGGATGCAGTCCAC exon exclusion CTATAACTACAACATGAGAGGAGGTGCTTATCC sequence is CCCGAG AGTTTATTAACCACTTAACCTCTCAG SEQ ID NO: AACTGAACAAAGACAACATTGTTCCTGGAACG 80. CCCTCTTTTTAAAAAAG GGGCTGCGGGCGCCTG The sequence AGCGGCTCTTCAGCGTTTGCGCCGGCGGCTGCCG without the CGTCTCTCTCGGCTCCCGCTTCCTTTGACCGCCTC underlined CCCCCCCCGGCCCGGCGGCGCCCGCCTCCTCCAC exon exclusion GGCCACTCCGCCTCTTCCCTCCCTTCGTCCCTTCT sequence is TCCTCTCCCTTTTTTCCTTCTTCCTTCCCCTCCTCG SEQ ID NO: CCGCCACCGCCCAGGACCGCCGGCCGGGGGACG 112. AGCTCGGAGCAGCAGCCAG 13451 LYRM1 AGAGTACCCAGAGAAGGAGAAGCCAGCAAAGG 49 AGACGACACAGACAAGACCTCAGAGATCAAAGG The underlined AAGAGGCCCCTTAATATCCTGGAATAATGGGAC exon exclusion CCATCCCCGTAATCAGTGAATCTCATCCACCCGC sequence is TTGCCAGCTTCTACCCGCAGCAAGTAGAAGCTA SEQ ID NO: AGTCCTGGCTCAAATCTCTTCCCTCCCTCCCTCTC 81. CCAGCTGTCAGTGCTTTTGGACTTGTGCTCAG AT The sequence GACAACGGCAACACGACAAGAAGTCCTTGGC without the CTCTACCGCAGCATTTTCAGGCTTGCGAGGAA underlined ATGGCAGGCGACATCAGGGCAGATGGAAGAC exon exclusion ACCATCAAAGAAAAACAGTACATACTAAATGA sequence is AGCCAGAACGCTGTTCCGGAAAAACAAAAAT C SEQ ID NO: TCACGGACACAGACCTAATTAAACAGTGTATAG 113. ATGAATGCACAGCCAGGATTGAAATTGGACTGC ATTACAAGATTCCTTACCCAAGGCCA 14574 PPARG CCATCAGGTTTGGGCGGATGCCACAGGCCGAGA 50 AGGAGAAGCTGTTGGCGGAGATCTCCAGTGATA The underlined TCGACCAGCTGAATCCAGAGTCCGCTGACCTCCG exon exclusion GGCCCTGGCAAAACATTTGTATGACTCATACATA sequence is AAGTCCTTCCCGCTGACCAAAGCAAAGGCGAGG SEQ ID NO: GCGATCTTGACAGGAAAGACAACAGACAAATCA 82. CCATTCGTTATCTATGACATGAATTCCTTAAT The sequence GATGGGAGAAGATAAAATCAAGTTCAAACAC without the ATCACCCCCCTGCAGGAGCAGAGCAAAGAGG underlined TGGCCATCCGCATCTTTCAGGGCTGCCAGTTT exon exclusion CGCTCCGTGGAGGCTGTGCAGGAGATCACAG sequence is AGTATGCCAAAAGCATTCCTGGTTTTGTAAAT SEQ ID NO: CTTGACTTGAACGACCAAGTAACTCTCCTCAA 114. ATATGGAGTCCACGAGATCATTTACACAATGC TGGCCTCCTTGATGAATAAAGATGGGGTTCTC ATATCCGAGGGCCAAGGCTTCATGACAAGGG AGTTTCTAAAGAGCCTGCGAAAGCCTTTTGGT GACTTTATGGAGCCCAAGTTTGAGTTTGCTGT GAAGTTCAATGCACTGGAATTAGATGACAGC GACTTGGCAATATTTATTGCTGTCATTATTCT CAGTGGAG ACCGCCCAGGTTTGCTGAATGTGAA GCCCATTGAAGACATTCAAGACAACCTGCTACA AGCCCTGGAGCTCCAGCTGAAGCTGAACCACCC TGAGTCCTCACAGCTGTTTGCCAAGCTGCTCCAG AAAATGACAGACCTCAGACAGATTGTCACGGAA CACGTGCAGCTACTGCAGGTGATCAAGAAGACG GAGACAGACATGAGTCTTCACCCGCTCCTGCAG GAGATCTACAAGGACTTGTACTAGCAGAGAGTC CTGAGCCACTGCCAACATTTCCCTTCTTCCAGTT GCACTATTCTGAGGGAAAATCTGACACCTAAGA AATTTACTGTGAAAAAGCATTTTAAAAAGAAAA GGTTTTAGAATATGATCTATTTTATGCATATTGTT TATAAAGACACATTTACAATTTACTTTTAATATT AAAAATTACCATATTATGAAATTGCTGATAGTAT TTGAAGACTGAGTCTTGTGTGTTTCCCACCCTAG CCCCCAGGCTTTCTTTTTTACCCCTTTTCCTTCTC CCCTCCCTCCCTCCATCCCTCTCACTCTTCCTCCC TCCCTTCCCTCCTTTCCTTCTTCCTTTATTTTTCTT TTCTTTCTTAGACATTTTAAAATATGTGAGTGGA ACTGCTGATACACTTTCATTCTCAGTAAATTAAT TTTTTACTCAAT 16269 BORCS8- ACAAAGATCATTCCACTCAGCCTGGGACGATGG 51 MEF2B GGAGGAAAAAAATCCAGATCTCCCGCATCCTGG The underlined ACCAAAGGAATCGGCAG CCCGGAGGAACCACC exon exclusion CCCGCCCTCCTCAGCCTGATCCTGGAAGAGA sequence is CTCGGGGCCCCCCAGCCTCCGCCAACCCAG C SEQ ID NO: GCCGTGAAGAACCTGGTGGACAGCAGCGTCTAC 83. TTCCGCAGCGTGGAGGGTCTGCTCAAACAGGCC The sequence ATCAGCATCCGGGACCATATGAATGCCAGTGCC without the CAGGGCCACAG underlined exon exclusion sequence is SEQ ID NO: 115. 16833 ENOSF1 AGAAGCAAATGCTGGCACAAGGATACCCTGCTT 52 ACACGACATCGTGCGCCTGGCTGGGGTACTCAG The underlined ATGACACGTTGAAGCAG GATCCCAGGATGCTG exon exclusion GTATCCTGCATAGATTTCAGGTACATCACTGA sequence is TGTCCTGACTGAGGAGGATGCCCTAG CCTGTC SEQ ID NO: TGGAAGTTACTTGTGGACATG 84. The sequence without the underlined exon exclusion sequence is SEQ ID NO: 116. 16929 DHRS4- GTGCCACTTCGGATAAACCCTTTGGACTCCTAAC 53 AS1 TCCAATCAGGTGTCTGCTTTGTTGAGGACTCACA The underlined GACACAGTCTCCTTTCTTCAAGATCTTTACAATG exon exclusion CAAGACCTCACTAACACACAGGGATGGTCTCCC sequence is AGAGGGTCTGTGCTGTTCCTTCACTCAGAACATC SEQ ID NO: AAGATGCACTGAAGTAAGGATCCTCTATTCTACA 85. GTTCCTGCTAGCTGAGCTATTCCATGGGGGCTTC The sequence AGCAGGAAATTCCAAGGTTGGCTTTGACAAGCT without the AAGGCCGGCTGGTGGAGCACATCGAGTTCTGGA underlined GGTTCATGTGTGTTTTCATGAAGATCTGTCTGCC exon exclusion CGTAGCAGATAAAGAGTTGTTGCCCCACTCCTCC sequence is TGGGGTCTTCTATTTTCCTGGGAGGAATTTCTGG SEQ ID NO: ATTAACTGAACACACACACACACACACACACCC 117. TTTTGAAGCATCAACAGTAATTCTGAGTTCTTAG GGACAATGCAGATTAAATCCACAATAAGAAAGA CAACTATGGCCAGGTGTGGTGGCTCACGCCTGTA ATCCCAGAACTTTGGGAGGCTGAGGCGGATGGA TCACCTGAGGTCAGGAGTTAGAGACCAACCTGA CCAACATGGAGAAACCCCGTTTCTACTAAAAAT GCAAAATTAGCCGGGCATGGTGGCAGGCGCCTG TAATCCCAAATACTCGGGAGGCTGAGGCAGGAG AATCACTTAAACCCGGGAGGCAGAGGTTGCAGT GAGCCAAGATCGCGCCATTGCACTCCAGC GGCC AGACTTTGGCAGCGTGTAAGGTCTGAGGACA GGGGCACCGGAGGCCGAGGATGAGAGGCCA GTGCCTGTTTCCAGGCAGCCAGGGCCTCAGA AACTCCGGCCGGAGCACTCACCCGTCGGTGG AGGCCGTTACCAGGGCCACCTTATTTGCGAG CGGGTCCCGGCGGGTCATCCCGGAGCTGGCC ATCCGCACCGAATTCCAAGCCCGGGCACAGA GGCCTAGCAGCCCCGCCTTGTGCATGGATCA GACCAGCAA ACATGGGCCCCGTCCTGGGCCAAA CGCCGGGCGATGGCGAAGCCGATCCTGTGAGCA GAAAGAGACAAAGACTGCTAAGGCCTGTGCAGG GGAAGAGGTCGACAGTATGAGCTCTGAAGTTAA GACTGCCCGGGTTTGAATTCTGGCTCTTTCTCTA TATAACCCCTACGTGTGCCTACTATGTGTAAAAC AGGCTTAATGGCATGGCCATTTTTGGCATTCCTT TACTTGTTTTTATTATGACCTGGACCACAGCCTC AGTTCCCAAGAACTGACATCACTTTCTACAGTTC CCACCATGGGTGACAGGCTTCATCCCCTCTTGGG ACTGAGAG 16943 NDUFV2 CGCAGAATCTAGGCCTGCTCTGGCCAGATCAGTT 54 TCGAAGACCGTCGCTCCGAAGGAGGCACCTCTC The underlined GTTTCAAGCCTAGTGACCTCGATGCTTTTAGGTT exon exclusion GCAGCATACTGGAGAGCTCTGGCTTGCTTCGTGA sequence is AGGCTTAGGGAGAACTTCATTAGGGCTGGAAAA SEQ ID NO: GGGTGGCCAATGTTTGATTTACTGCAGTTGTGCT 86. TTGCATATCGGAAATGCTGGCTAAATAAACGGT The sequence ATCAAACTAACTCTGAAAGAACGGCGCCGCAAA without the TAACAGCACCCAATTAAAGAACCACAGGATTTT underlined AGAGATTAAATGATCTTTTTGAGATCCAAGTACA exon exclusion TCTCATG GAAAAATACCTAGGTTAGAATTACT sequence is AAATTAAAAAATGGACACTTGGGGCCAGGCG SEQ ID NO: CAGTGGCTTACGCCTGTAATTCCACCACTTTG 118. GGGAGCTGAGGCGGGCAGATCACTTGACATC GAGAGTTCAAGACCAGCCTGACCAACATGGA GAAACCCCGTCTCTACTAAAAATACAAAAAAT TATCCAGACGTAGTGGCACATGCCTGTAATCT CAGCTACTTGGGAGGCTGAGGTAGGAGAATC GCTTGAACCCGGGAGGCAGAGGTTGTGGTGA GCCGAGATCATGCCATTGAACTCCAGCCTGG GCAACAAGAGCGAAACTCCGTCTCCAAAAAA AAAAAAAGACACTTATTTAGGCTTTCCATATA TCATG GGAAGACATGTAAGGAATTTGCATAAGA CAGTTATGCAAAATGGAGCTGGAGGAGCTTTATT TGTG 18745 FER1L4 GATCCCTGGAGTTGCAGCTACCAGACATGGTGC 55 GTGGGGCCCGGGGCCCCGAGCTCTGCTCTGTGC The underlined AGCTGGCCCGCAATGGGGCCGGGCCGAGGTGCA exon exclusion ATCTGTTTCGCTGCTGCCGCCGCCTGAGGGGCTG sequence is GTGGCCGGTAGTGAAGCTGAAGGAGGCAGAGGA SEQ ID NO: CGTGGAGCGGGAGGCGCAGGAGGCTCAGGCTGG 87. CAAGAAGAAGCGAAAGCAGAGGAGGAGGAAGG The sequence GCCGGCCAGAAGACCTGGAGTTCACAGACATGG without the GTGGCAATGTGTACATCCTCACG CTGGGTGAAG underlined GGGTTGGAGCATGACAAGCAGGAGACAGACG exon exclusion TTCACTTCAACTCCCTGACTGGGGAGGGGAA sequence is CTTCAATTGGCGCTTTGTGTTCCGCTTTGACT SEQ ID NO: ACCTGCCCACGGAGCGGGAGGTGAGCGTCCG 119. GCGCAGGTCTGGACCCTTTGCCCTGGAGGAG GCGGAGTTCCGGCAGCCTGCAGTGCTGGTCC TGCAG CTATGAGCTCAGAGTTGTCATCTGGAAC ACGGAGGATGTGGTTCTGGACGACGAGAATCCA CTCACCGGAGAGATGTCGAGTGACATCTATGTG AAGAG 19824 PHF14 GCAGTGCTCGGAATGTGACCAGGCAGGGAGCAG 56 TGACATGGAAGCAGATATGGCCATGGAAACCCT The underlined ACCAGATGGAACCAAACGATCAAGGAGGCAGAT exon exclusion TAAGGAACCAGTGAAATTTGTTCCACAGGATGT sequence is GCCACCAGAACCCAAGAAGATTCCGATAAGAAA SEQ ID NO: CACG AGAACCAGAGGACGAAAACGAAGCTTC 88. GTTCCTGAGGAAGAAAAACATGAGGTTGGAA The sequence TAAG GAAAGAGTTCCTAGAGAGAGAAGACAAA without the GACAGTCTGTGTTGCAAAAGAAGCCCAAGGCTG underlined AAGATTTAAGAACTGAATGTGCAACTTGCAAGG exon exclusion GAACTGGAGACAATGAAAATCTTGTCAGGTAAG sequence is TTGGATGCTAAAACCTTGTCTTTAGGGGATGAAA SEQ ID NO: GTTCTATATTTATTTTCTCATCACAGAAAAAATG 120. AAAAAACAATTGCAGGATAAGACCTTTCTTAAA ATATTATATAGTGGAAACAGTACTTTAGAAACA GATTTCATCCACTTCTTAACCTCTCACACATGGT TATACTCTGGATTTAAATGTAAATAAGAGTGATA ATCTGCCTGTTTAACACAGGGAATTATTTTTCTCT TGACAAGAGAAATTGACAGTGCTCTCTATTTAGA GGCCATGAAAGTAATTTGATCTAAACACTGTGTA CTAAGATTATTATGTTTTATGTCAGAAAACAATA AAGTTACTAAGCTCTGTTAGCATATTCTAAATGT TTGAAATTTAGAAGCAATGGTGAGAAGACAGAC TTTTTATTGACAAGAACTTAATTAGCACTTTCTTA TTGCTTATCAAAACAAATGTGTTAAATGCTTCTC CCTTACGAAATAAAGAAAGGTGAAAAGATGGCC TAGGTTGATTTTATTTTTTGTTTTGTCTTTGTTTCT TTGTTTCGTTTTGGTACTTTATTTTTTTTTAATCA GACATAATGCTAATCAGAAATCTTAGCTGATGCT GCACATTGGCTTTTCCCAACGGTCCAGAGGCTGC TAATTTTAGCGGAAATGAAGACATTGATCAAAG CTCTGGTGAGATGGGGGAGTGAGTGTGTGAACA AAAAGAGAGCTAATTTAAAAGAGGCATCAGACT TTCAAAGGACAGTGTCACAAAAGTTCTTACAGTT CTTACAGGGACTTTGTAAGGGAATCCATTCTTAT TTCTTTAAAAAATTGTCTTCTGGTAAAGCCCTGT TAAATTAACTGAGGACACAGAAATTAAACATTT CAAAAAGAATAAACATATTGATAAAACAAATAT ATTAGTGTTGTTGTATGTTTTTAAATACTTACTTC CAAATGATTTAATCTATTTTGGTCATTAAAATAT GTCTTAATTTCTCAAAGAAAGGCATGAAGTCTTA AATTTTATGAGTTTTTTATGCTATCAATGAGAAA GATAAAGTAAAAATTACAGTAGAAAAAGACAAA GTCCTTCAACAAAGTTAAGAAAGTTTATAATAAT TGGCTAATTTTTTTGAGGTAGTTCATGTAGAGTG TGTTGGGAGCTATCCTGAAGGTTAAGTTTATTAA AATTTAGGGTAAAGTAGTAAGTAGTTCCAAGTTC AGGAGATACACCTGAATAATTCTGACCACAGTA TAAATTTTGCAATATGTCGAAAATGAAATCCCAA GCATAAGCGTAACATAATGGAGTAAAT 19828 PHF14 GCAGTGCTCGGAATGTGACCAGGCAGGGAGCAG 57 TGACATGGAAGCAGATATGGCCATGGAAACCCT The underlined ACCAGATGGAACCAAACGATCAAGGAGGCAGAT exon exclusion TAAGGAACCAGTGAAATTTGTTCCACAGGATGT sequence is GCCACCAGAACCCAAGAAGATTCCGATAAGAAA SEQ ID NO: CACG AGAACCAGAGGACGAAAACGAAGCTTC 89. GTTCCTGAGGAAGAAAAACATGAGGTTGGAA The sequence TAA GAAAGAGTTCCTAGAGAGAGAAGACAAAG without the ACAGTCTGTGTTGCAAAAGAAGCCCAAGGCTGA underlined AGATTTAAGAACTGAATGTGCAACTTGCAAGGG exon exclusion AACTGGAGACAATGAAAATCTTGTCAG sequence is SEQ ID NO: 121. 21024 BCL2L13 GGGTTCAACTAGATATAGCTTCACAATCTCTGGA 58 TCAAGAAATTTTATTAAAAGTTAAAACTGAAATT The underlined GAAGAAGAGCTAAAATCTCTGGACAAAGAAATT exon exclusion TCTGAAG GCCAGTGACATATCAGGCATTTCGG sequence is GAATGTACACTGGAGACCACAGTTCATGCCA SEQ ID NO: GCGGCTGGAATAAG GGCACTGTGTTTAGTCTTG 90. AGTCAGAGGAGGAGGAATACCCTGGAATCACTG The sequence CAGAAGATAGCAATGACATTTACATCCTGCCCA without the GCGACAACTCTGGACAAGTCAGTCCCCCAGAGT underlined CTCCAACTGTGACCACTTCCTGGCAGTCTGAGAG exon exclusion CTTACCTGTGTCACTGTCAGCTAGCCAGAGTTGG sequence is CACACAGAAAGCCTGCCAGTGTCACTAGGCCCT SEQ ID NO: GAGTCCTGGCAGCAGATTGCAATGGATCCTGAA 122. GAAGTGAAAAGCTTAGACAGCAACGGAGCTGGA GAGAAGAGTGAGAACAACTCCTCTAATTCTGAC ATTGTGCACGTGGAGAAAGAAGAGGTGCCCGAG GGCATGGAAGAGGCTGCTGTGGCTTCTGTGGTCT TGCCAGCGCGGGAGCTGCAAGAGGCACTTCCTG AAGCCCCAGCTCCCTTGCTTCCACATATCACTGC CACCTCCCTGCTGGGGACAAGGGAACCTGACAC AGAAGTGATCACAGTTGAGAAATCCAGCCCTGC TACATCTCTGTTTGTAGAACTTGATGAAGAAGAG GTGAAAGCAGCAACAACTGAACCTACTGAAGTG GAGGAGGTGGTCCCCGCACTGGAACCCACAGAA ACGCTGCTGAGTGAGAAGGAGATAAACGCAAGG GAAGAGAGCCTTGTGGAAGAGCTGTCCCCTGCC AGCGAGAAGAAGCCCGTGCCGCCGTCTGAGGGC AAGTCTAGACTGTCCCCCGCCGGTGAGATGAAG CCCATGCCGCTGTCTGAGGGCAAGTCTATACTGC TGTTTGGAGGGGCTGCTGCTGTTGCCATCCTGGC AGTGGCCATCGGGGTAGCCCTGGCTCTGAGAAA GAAATAGGAGGCTTTTCAGAAGAGAAAGACAGA AGGATGTAAGGTTGGAGTTGTATTGGCTGGAATT TGAACCTCCAGCAGCTGTCTGGACATTTGTGGAA CACTCTGGGATAATTGGGGACTTCTGCTCAACAT GGCAGTGGCATGTTAGGCATGTTAGGGCTTGAG GTGGGGCATTCACATTCATCTGACTGTAAATCCC AAGGGCCTCCGCTCATGCTAAATTGAGAATCTTA GGGGTAAAGCACCCCCTCCAGGACCGGGTTTCT CAGCCTTGGCACTAGTGCTGTTCTGACCATTCTC TGTGTTGGGGCTGTCCTGTGTGTGGTGGGCTCCA CCCACTAGATGCCAGTGGCACCCCCTCCCAGAG ATGACAAACGAAAATGTCTCTAGACATTGCCAA ATGTCCCGTGTGAACATCCCCTATTGAGACCCAC TGCTTTAGCGAGAGAGGGTTTACTTAGGAAGAA TTGGGATAGAAATTCCCAGCTGAGAGAACTTAG CTGTGGGCTCCTCAGCTACTGACTTCTTAGCTCT TAATCCCCTTAGAATTTCATCTTTCTCGATGAGC AGGCTCTGCACCCACTCTTTTTTTGCCCCCCGCC CTCATCCTGGAGTGTGAGGGTGCTCGCCCGTACT CTCAGCTGCCTCTCAGGGACTGCACTGTTCCTCT TCACCCCCAGGTTCCTGCTAAGATCCCACGGGCG AGGGCTTGCTCTGGACTCAGTCTGTCAAGTCCCC GAAGCTTCCTGCAGCTCCACCTTGTAAAAATGCT GCCTTTGGGAATCTTCGAAATATGTACACAGAG AAAATCACATGAAGGAGACCTGGGGTCCCCACT TGTGAGTGCAACTGCAAGTAACTCTGGCTAGAG AGACACATGTGTCTTGTGTCAAGGCAGGAGGAT AACCTGGATGACCTTCTGAGGTCTCTTCAGCCCT TTTCGCTAGTGGTCACCCACCACCATGGTTACTT GCCAGCAACATCTCTATTGCTGGATGGTCCCTGT CTATAACCTTGGGCTAGTATATTTTTTCCAATAT GGGACCTTAGTCTTACTACTGATGAGTTCTATGG GTCTCTTGCTAGGGGGTAAGGATTTTTATTCTTG GGCTTATAGAGCCAGTTAGATCATAATTCTTATG AAATAGAGAGTGTCCTAAATATCACTGAAATAA AAAGTAGGAAAAAGAAGCTTGAATTTTAAGACT GAGGCTGCTCTGCAGATTCTAGTTTGGCTTTCAG AGTTCAAGAGTGGTGGCATCTTCACCTGAATTCT TCAATGCCAGGGTAATAAACCAAAATAGTCCTA ATCAGTATATGCTAGTTGAGCATCGGCATAATTT TCTTTCCTCTGGCTGATCCCAGCCCTAAAGGAAG GGTAGACCCGTGTCTTTCCAGCCCTAAAGGAAG GGTAGACCCGTGTCTTTCCAGCCCTAAAGGAAG GGCAGACCCGTGTCTTTCCATGCCCGAGGGCCAC GACGTCACTATGCAGGGCACACGTGGCTTGGTTT AAAAAGGTCATCTTAGATTTATCTTAGTAAATGT AATAAATTATTTTTTAGATCTTGAAATTTATAAT AAAAATACTTTACCTACCCTGATC 22227 SELENBP1 GTCATTGAGCCCAAGGACATCCATGCCAAGTGC 59 GAACTGGCCTTTCTCCACACCAGCCACTGCCTGG The underlined CCAGCGGGGAAGTGATGATCAGCTCCCTGGGAG exon exclusion ACGTCAAGGGCAATGGCAAAG GTCATCCACCG sequence is GCTGCCCATGCCCAACCTGAAGGACGAGCTG SEQ ID NO: CATCACTCAGGATGGAACACCTGCAGCAGCT 91. GCTTCGGTGATAGCACCAAGTCGCGCACCAA The sequence GCTGGTGCTGCCCAGTCTCATCTCCTCTCGCA without the TCTATGTGGTGGACGTGGGCTCTGAGCCCCG underlined GGCCCCAAAGCTGCACAAG CTACGAAATGTGG exon exclusion GAATTGTGGACCCGGCTACTCCACCCCTCTGGAG sequence is GCCATGAAAG SEQ ID NO: 123. 24742 LINC00630 GTTGATTCCATACCCTGGCTATTGTGAATAATGC 60 TGCAGTGAACATGGGAGTACATACATCTGTTTGA The underlined G GAACTCAGAGTGGTTTTCCAGATGGGAATCA exon exclusion CATTGCTCTCTGTCCCTGAGATCTTGCTGGAG sequence is ACAGGGCTACTCAGTCCCTCTTTGCCAG GTAA SEQ ID NO: TCTGTTCCAGAAGAAACATGTGTCGTTCTGACTG 92. AGCCCCTGCCTGTCTGTCACCTTAAGAGCCAGTC The sequence AATTCATATGGTCCCCATATCAAAGTCTCCTGTG without the CCCAGAGAGAGGATTTCATTTCAACCATCACCAT underlined CACCACCATCATCATCATCACCAAGAGATGTTGT exon exclusion TGA sequence is SEQ ID NO: 124. 27194 CTBP2 GGTTCATAGTGGCGTCATGCACGCAGACTCCTGC 61 AAGTTCCCCTAAGTTCTTAGAGGACTGCTTTGCC The underlined TTTTGATCTGAGAGTTGCAAAGTTCCATAAAGAA exon exclusion TGGCCCTTGTGGATAAGCACAAAGTCAAGAGAC sequence is AGCGATTGGACAGAATTTGTGAAG ATGGAGAAA SEQ ID NO: ACAAAGGATTCAGATTGAAGGACTGCTCAGA 93. CACCCTCCGAAGAGGTGGCCCTGCCTGCGCT The sequence CCTCCTGGCTGCAGAGTACCCCACCAGCGC G without the AGATCCAGGGTTGCCAGAAGACGAGACAACCGT underlined GATTGCATGTGCGGAGGTTCCTCGATGGAAGCG exon exclusion CAGCCCGGCGCGCCCCTCAGCTGGCCTGGCCAG sequence is GCCCTATGAAGGTCACGCGAAAACCCTGCTGCG SEQ ID NO: GGCTTCTTAGCGACCGCATTACGTGGACTAGCGG 125. GCAAGAAAAGCCTGGTCGGCGCTGCCCTCACAG 30244 SLC52A2 AGGCGTCTGGCCAGGTGGCGCTCCGGGCAG GCC 62 TACTTGGGTGTCCCCGCCTCTGATACCTCCCT The underlined GCTGGAGGAAACAGCAGGAAAAGAGAACCAG exon exclusion GCAGGCAGGCAGACATCCCCACGGAGCAGCG sequence is TTGGGCCCCCAAGGTGCCTGACCCACTTCCTA SEQ ID NO: GAGTACTGAACAGTCCCAGAGTGTCACAGCT 94. GATGTGCAGGACAGCCTGGAGCTCTCACCTT The sequence CAACACGGGGTGTACCTGAGACTTCCAGTGG without the ATGAGGGTCAGCCTCTGGAGCTGTGAAAACC underlined TGGGCCGACAGCGGAGGCAGAGCTGCACTAA exon exclusion TGTTCCCACACGAGTCCTTCCCACCCAACACC sequence is TTGGTGCAGGGAGACGGAAGGAGCCTGGAGC SEQ ID NO: CAGGG CTAGAAGAAGTCTTCACTTCCCAGGAGA 126. GCCAAAGCGTGTCTGGCCCTAGGTGGGAAAAGA ACTGGCTGTGACCTTTGCCCTGACCTGGAAGGGC CCAGCCTTGGGCTGAATGGCAGCACCCACGCCC GCCCGTCCGGTGCTGACCCACCTGCTGGTGGCTC TCTTCGGCATGGGCTCCTGGGCTGCGGTCAATGG GATCTGGGTGGAGCTACCTGTGGTGGTCAAAGA GCTTCCAGAGG 33377 SLC38A1 CTCTTTCTCTTCCTCCAGTTTCCAGTCCAGCCCTG 63 TTGGCTCTCAGAATGCATCATCCTTCTCCCTGCA The underlined GCGCTCTCACTGAACATGCTCAAGCGCAAGGAA exon exclusion CTTATAATCTTGTGTTCTCTGGATTCTGGATTTAG sequence is TAATCTGTATTAGTCTGTTCTCACACTGCTAATA SEQ ID NO: AAGAAATACCTGAGGTTGCTTCCAAGATAGCCA 95. AATAGGAACAGCTCTGGTCTGCAGCTCCCAGCA The sequence AGATCGATGTAGAAGATGGGTGATTTCTGCATTT without the CCAACTGAGGTACCTGGTTCATCTCACTGGGACT underlined GGTTGGACAGTGGGTGCAGCCCATGGAAGGTGA exon exclusion GCTGAAGCAAGGTGGGGCGTCACCTCACCCAGG sequence is AAGCACAAGGGGTCAGGGGATTTACCTTTCCCA SEQ ID NO: GCCAAGGGAAGCCATGACAGACTGTAACTGGAG 127. AAACGGTACACTCCTGACCAAATACTGCACTTTT CCCACAGTCTTAGCAACTGGCAGACCAGGTAAT ACCCTCCCGTGCCTGGCTCAGTGGGTTCCATGCC AACGGAGCCTTGCTCACTGCTAGCGCAACAGTCT AAGATCGACCTGCGACGCTGCAGCTTGATGCAG GGAGAGGCATCCAACATTGCTGAGGCTTGAGTA GCTCACAGTGTAAGCAAAGAGGCCCGGAAGCAC AAGTTGGGCAGAGCTCATCGCTGCTCAGCAGGG CCTACTGCCTCTATAGATTCCACCTCTGGAGGCA GGGCATGGCAGAAAAAAACGCAGCAGACAGCTT TTGCAGACTTAAACGTCCCTGTCTGATGGCTCTA AAGAGAGCAATGGTTCTCTCAGCATGGCATTCG AGCTCCAAGAACAGACAGACTGCCTCCCCAAGC AGGTCCCTGACCCCCATGTAGCTGGACTGGGAA ACACCTCCCCATCAGGGGCTGAGAGATACCTCA AACACGTGGGTGCCCCTCTGGGACGAAGCTTCC AGAGGAAGGATCAGGCAGCAATATTTGCTATTC TGCAGCCTTTGCTGGTGATACCCAGGCAAACAG ATTCTGGAGTGGACCTCCAGCAAACTCCAACAA ACCTGCAGCTGAGGGGTCTGACTGTGGGAAGGA AAACTAACAAAGAGAAAGCAATAGCATCAACAT CAACAAAAAGGACATCCACACCAAATCCCCATC TATAGGTCACCAACATCAAAGACCAAAGGTAGA TAAAACCACAAAGATGGGGAGAGAAACCAGAG CAGAAAAGCTGAAAATTCCAAAAAACAAGCACC TCTTCTCCTCCAAAGGATCGCAGCTCCTTGCCAG CAAGGGAACAAAACTAGACGGAGAATGAGTTTG ACAAGTTGACAGAAGTAGGCTTCAGAAGGTTGG TAATAACAAACTTCTCTGAGCTAAAGGAGCATCT TCTAACCCATCGCAAAGAGGCTAAAAACTGTGG AAAAAAAAAAGGTTAGATGAATGGCTAACTAGA ATAACCAGTGTAGAGAAGACCTCAAATGACCTG ATGAAGCTGAAACCCACAGCACAAGAACTTCGA GACTCATGCACAAGCTTCAATAGCCGATTCGATC AAGTGGAAGAAAGGATATCAGTGATTGAAGATC AAATTAATGAAATAAAGTGAGAAGAAT GTCTG GTGAAGTTCAAGGGCATCTTGAACGTGGTGC ACTTGGAGACAGTGAGGGAAGCAGGGGTGAA GTGGCTGCTACCTGAGTCCCTTCTGGAGCTCC ATTTTGCTTGGTCTTGGAGAAGGCTTCTCAGC TGCCCTCCCAGCTAGT GAGTTACATCTGCTAAC ATGCTTATTTTCATTCTTCCTTCATCTCTTTATTTA AAAATCACAGACCAGGATGGAGATAAAGGAACT CAAAGAATTTGG 40521 FAM65A AAACTGGGCACATTTGGGCCCCTGCGCTGCCAG 64 GAGGCATGGGCCCTGGAGCGGCTGCTGCGGGAA The underlined GCCCGAGTACTGGAGGCAGTATGCGAGTTCAGC exon exclusion AGGCGGTGGGAGATCCCGGCCAGCTCTGCCCAG sequence is GAAG TGGTGCAGTTCTCGGCCTCTCGGCCTG SEQ ID NO: GCTTCCTGACCTTCTGGGACCAGTGCACAGA 96. GAGACTCAGCTGCTTCCTCTGCCCGGTGGAG The sequence CGGGTGCTTCTCACCTTCTGCAACCAGTATGG without the TGCCCGCCTCTCCCTGCGCCAGCCAGGCTTG underlined GCTGAGGCTG TGTGTGTGAAGTTCCTGGAGGAT exon exclusion GCCCTGGGGCAGAAGCTGCCCAGAAGGCCCCAG sequence is CCAGGGCCTGGAGAGCAGCTCACAGTCTTCCAG SEQ ID NO: TTCTGGAGTTTTGTGGAAACCTTGGACAGCCCCA 128. CCATGGAGGCCTACGTGACTGAGACCGCTGAGG AGG 41168 USP25 TAATGGAAACTTGGAATTAGCAGTGGCTTTCCTT 65 ACTGCGAAGAATGCTAAGACCCCTCAGCAGGAG The underlined GAGACAACTTACTACCAAACAGCACTTCCTGGC exon exclusion AATGATAGATACATCAGTGTGGGAAGCCAAGCA sequence is GATACAA ATGTGATTGATCTCACTGGAGATGA SEQ ID NO: TAAAGATGATCTTCAGAGAGCAATTGCCTTGA 97. GTTTGGCCGAATCAAACAGGGCATTCAGGGA The sequence GACTGGAATAACTGATGAGGAACAAGCCATT without the AGCAG AGTTCTTGAAGCCAGCATAGCAGAGAAT underlined AAAGCATGTTTGAAGAGGACACCTACAGAAGTT exon exclusion TGGAGGGATTCTCGAAACCCTTATGATAGAAAA sequence is AGACAGGACAAAGCTCCCGTTGGGCTAAAGAAT SEQ ID NO: GTTGGCAATACTTGTTGGTTTAGTGCTGTTATTC 129. AG 45885 HMOX2 AACCGGATGCTACGGGTGATGACTGGGAGGAGG 66 AGAAAAATTACCTCTTTATCTTGCATGAACATCT The underlined TAATTTTCAG AGTCTTGCTGCGACACCCAGGC exon exclusion TGGAGTGCAATGGCGCTATCTCGGCTCACTG sequence is CAACCTCCGCTTCCCGGATTCAAGCGATTCTC SEQ ID NO: CTGCCTCAGCCTCCCGAGTAGGTGGGACTAC 98. AG GACCAGAGGAGCGAGAGCAGCAAGAACCAC The sequence ACCCAGCAGCAATGTCAGCGGAAGTGGAAACCT without the CAGAGGGGGTAGACGAGTCAGAAAAAAAGAAC underlined TCTGGGGCCCTAGAAAAGGAGAACCAAATGAG exon exclusion sequence is SEQ ID NO: 130. 50148 MKRN2OS GGGTTGTGTATAATTACAGTGCACATGGTGTCCA 67 GCGAGACGGAGAAGGGTGGGAAGAGAGCATAA The underlined GCATCCCATTACTGCAGCCCAACATGTATGGAAT exon exclusion GATGGAGCAATGGGACAAGTACCTGGAAGACTT sequence is CTCCACCTCGGGGGCCTGGCTGCCTCACAG AGA SEQ ID NO: GTATGATGGAAGGTCTGATCTTCATGTTGGAA 99. TAACTAACACAAATG GTATAATGAGGAAAAGG The sequence AAGTCTCCGGAAACCTCCCCTAGCATTCCAGGA without the GGCGAAAGCTATGCACTGCGCAGAGGCTGGGAA underlined GGCTTTAATTAAATTCAACCACTGTGAGAAATAC exon exclusion ATCTACAGCTTCAGTGTGCCCCAGTGCTGCCCTC sequence is TCTGCCAGCAGGACCTGGGCTCGAGGAAGCTGG SEQ ID NO: AGGACGCACCTGTTAGCATCGCTAATCCATTTAC 131. TAATGGACATCAAGAAAAATGTTCATTCCTCCTC AGACCAACTCAGGGGACATTTCTTAG 52249 ATP8A2P1 GTAAACAAATTGCTCCTGTGGAGATGATTGGCAT 68 CACATGGTGTTTTGAGCTGATACACCCAACACTT The underlined GAGCTCACTGCAACAGTACCAG ATTTTCACCGC exon exclusion TATGCCTCCTTTCACTCTGGGAGTCTTCCAGA sequence is GGTCTTGCACTCGGGAGAGCATGCTCAGGTT SEQ ID NO: TCCCCAGCTCTACAAAATCACCCAGAATGCCA 100. AAGACTTCAACACAAGGGTAAATAAGGTTGAT The sequence CTCAGAATTGTCACCTCAAAAAGGCCCTGCCT without the TCCACTGTTCAGTTCTGGTCATCTGCCTATGA underlined GATATCTGAAGCTTGAAAGAGAACACTTGAAA exon exclusion ATCACTGAGACCGTGACTCCCATCCCAGCACA sequence is CACAGCAAGCCAA ATACTGTGTTGACCAGTGGT SEQ ID NO: CATGCCACTGCCTGTTGATTTGTTGAAAATATTG 132. TTTACACG 53188 HIBCH TTTTAATTGATAAAGACCAGAGTCCAAAATGGA 69 AACCAGCTGATCTAAAAGAAGTTACTGAGGAAG The underlined ATTTGAATAATCACTTTAAGTCTTTGGGAAGCAG exon exclusion TGATTTGAAATTTTGAGGTGACAGGCTTTTAAGG sequence is TATATTTTGTAGCATGGGTTGGCAATCTACAGCA SEQ ID NO: TGTGGGCCAAATCCAGCCTGCTGCCTGTTTTTAT 101. ATACCCTGTAAGCTAAGAATGGTTTCCGCATTTT The sequence TAAATGGTTGGGAAAAGAAATCAAAGACTAATA without the ATTCATGACGTGAAAATTATCAGAATTCACAAAT underlined AAAGCTTTATTGGAACTAGCTATACTCATCTGTT exon exclusion TATATATTATCTGTGGCTGCTTTGAAATGAGTAG sequence is TTGCAATAGAGATGGTAAAGCCTACAAAGCCTA SEQ ID NO: ATTATTTACTGTCTGGTTTTTGTCAGAAAAAAGT 133. TTGTCAATCCTTGTTTTAGAAGATGGAAAAATGT GAAGATCTTTGGAGATTCTCTTGAGTGGTATATC TAATTGAAATGGGATCTTCGTTTGGCTTGTATGT TGATGAAATCAACTTAGGTATACAATATAAAAA ATAAAGACCCTGAAAATTGTTTTGG AGAGGTCA TGACTTTCATGAAGGCGTTAGAGCTG GTAATT AATAAAATGTCTCCAACATCTCTAAAGATCACAC TAAGGCAACTCATGGAGGGGTCTTCAAAGACCT TGCAAGAAGTACTAACTATGGAGTATCGGCTAA GTCAAGCTTGTATG 58853 SLC35C2 CGCGCGGCACTGGTCCTGGTGGTCCTCCTCATCG 70 CCGGGGGTCTCTTCATGTTCACCTACAAGTCCAC The underlined ACAGTTCAACGTGGAGGGCTTCGCCTTGGTGCTG exon exclusion GGGGCCTCGTTCATCGGTGGCATTCGCTGGACCC sequence is TCACCCAGATGCTCCTGCAGAAGGCTGAACTCG SEQ ID NO: GACCAAATCCTCAGCTGTCCTCTTCATCTTGA 102. TCTTCTCTCTGATCTTCAAGCTGGAGGAGCTG The sequence CTCTGGCGACGGCGCTTGACGTGGGCTTGTCCAA without the CTGGAGCTTCCTGTATGTCACCGTCTCGCT underlined exon exclusion sequence is SEQ ID NO: 134. 59314 TRIM5 GGATCTGTGAACAAGAGGAACCTCAGCAGCCAG 71 GACAGGCAGGAGCAGTGGAATAGCTACTATGGC The underlined TTCTGGAATCCTGGTTAATGTAAAGGAGGAGGT exon exclusion GACCTGCCCCATCTGCCTGGAACTCCTGACACAA sequence is CCCCTGAGCCTGGACTGCGGCCACAGCTTCTGCC SEQ ID NO: AAGCATGCCTCACTGCAAACCACAAGAAGTCCA 103. TGCTAGACAAAGGAGAGAGTAGCTGCCCTGTGT The sequence GCCGGATCAGTTACCAGCCTGAGAACATACGGC without the CTAATCGGCATGTAGCCAACATAGTGGAGAAGC underlined TCAGGGAGGTCAAGTTGAGCCCAGAGGGGCAGA exon exclusion AAGTTGATCATTGTGCACGCCATGGAGAGAAAC sequence is TTCTACTCTTCTGTCAGGAGGACGGGAAGGTCAT SEQ ID NO: TTGCTGGCTTTGTGAGCGGTCTCAGGAGCACCGT 135. GGTCACCACACGTTCCTCACAGAGGAGGTTGCC CGGGAGTACCAA GATCCAGGCAATCTTTCCAG ACACATCTACTTCCCAGTAATATTTCCCCGAA GAGAAATATTGGCAGCCGAAGACACCAAAAG CAGAAAAATCACATGGATTTGAATTCTTAAAT GTGCAG CAGGTCTAAGGCCCGCCTGTTCTGTGC CGTGACCTGTGCTACCGAAGTCATCTGTTGCTGT AGGGAGGCCAGGGACTCAGCCGATGCCTCAATG GCCAACTGCAG 60239 HSD17B6 TCCTCGCCTCCATCACCTCCACCGTAGTTGAGCC 72 AGCGATAGTACTGAGAGTAGGGAAAGAGCCTCC The underlined GGTAATAAAGTTTAAGCAGCTCGGGCAGCTCGG exon exclusion TGGGGTCAAACGTCTCCATTGAGCGCGGAACTC sequence is GCCACG TAACAGATCTGATTCTGCAGCTGATC SEQ ID NO: AAGGATGACACTGGTGAGAACCCTATGAGGG 104. AGTGAAGCAGCCTGGACTCTTACCACAAGAG The sequence GGAGGTGTTATAAGAGCAATGCAGAGGTTGG without the AGTGGGCAGCAGTTGGGGCAGGAGGAAGCCG underlined ACTGCTGCCTGGTCTGCAAAGAAGTCCTTTCA exon exclusion AGTCTCTAGGACTGGACTCTTCCTAAGCAAGT sequence is CCG AGAAGGAAGCACCCTCACTATGTGGCTCTA SEQ ID NO: CCTGGCGGCCTTCGTGGGCCTGTACTACCTTCTG 136. CACTGGTACCGGGAGAGGCAGGTGGTGAGCCAC CTCCAAGACAAGTATGTCTTTATCACGGGCTGTG ACTCGGGCTTTGGGAACCTGCTGGCCAGACAGC TGGATGCACGAGGCTTGAGAGTGCTGGCTGCGT GTCTGACGGAGAAGGGGGCCGAGCAGCTGAGGG GCCAGACGTCTGACAGGCTGGAGACGGTGACCC TGGATGTTACCAAGATGGAGAGCATCGCTGCAG CTACTCAGTGGGTGAAGGAGCATGTGGGGGACA GAG

All references, patents and patent applications disclosed herein are incorporated by reference with respect to the subject matter for which each is cited, which in some cases may encompass the entirety of the document.

The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.”

It should also be understood that, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, in any methods claimed herein that include more than one step or act, the order of the steps or acts of the method is not necessarily limited to the order in which the steps or acts of the method are recited.

In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” “composed of,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.

The terms “about” and “substantially” preceding a numerical value mean±10% of the recited numerical value.

Where a range of values is provided, each value between the upper and lower ends of the range are specifically contemplated and described herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising assaying nucleic acids of a sample subject obtained from a breast cancer for the presence or absence of a target exon comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a target exon comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104, wherein the assaying comprises combining the sample with a first probe that binds to a 5′ region of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a second probe that binds to a 3′ region of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 such that the first probe and the second probe flank the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 27. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising assaying the nucleic acids of the sample for the presence or absence of a target exon comprising the nucleotide sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOS: 21, 23, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 39, 85, 87-89, 91, 94, 98, or 101-103.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample is a breast tissue sample.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a female subject.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acids comprise messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA).
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acids comprise complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) synthesized from mRNA obtained from the sample. 